Tunable Prism For Vision Correction Of A Patient And Other Applications

ABSTRACT

A tunable prism for vision correction of a patient and other applications is disclosed herein. The tunable prism includes a first transparent plate; a second transparent plate; and a transparent balloon, a transparent ball, a transparent gel, or a transparent bag filled with a transparent gel disposed between the first and second transparent plates. A tilt of at least one of the first and second transparent plates is configured to be modified so as to adjust a prism diopter of the tunable prism.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/358,794, entitled “Tunable Prism For Vision Correction Of A Patient And Other Applications”, filed on Jul. 6, 2022; U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/398,045, entitled “Tunable Prism For Vision Correction Of A Patient And Other Applications”, filed on Aug. 15, 2022; U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/430,054, entitled “Tunable Prism For Vision Correction Of A Patient And Other Applications”, filed on Dec. 4, 2022; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/458,606, entitled “Tunable Prism For Vision Correction Of A Patient And Other Applications”, filed on Apr. 11, 2023; and this patent application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 17/171,988, entitled “Fluidic Glasses For Correcting Refractive Errors Of A Human Or Animal”, filed on Feb. 9, 2021; and Ser. No. 17/171,988 claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/972,033, entitled “Fluidic Glasses For Correcting Refractive Errors Of A Human Or Animal”, filed on Feb. 9, 2020; and Ser. No. 17/171,988 is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 16/776,453, entitled “System For Preventing Motion Sickness Resulting From Virtual Reality Or Augmented Reality”, filed Jan. 29, 2020, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,372,230; and Ser. No. 16/776,453 claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/798,132, entitled “System For Preventing Motion Sickness Resulting From Virtual Reality”, filed on Jan. 29, 2019 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/895,185, entitled “System For Preventing Motion Sickness Resulting From Virtual Reality Or Augmented Reality”, filed on Sep. 3, 2019; and Ser. No. 16/776,453 is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 16/112,595, entitled “Fluidic Light Field Camera”, filed Aug. 24, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,606,066; and Ser. No. 16/112,595 claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/549,941, entitled “Dynamic Imaging System and a Remote Laser Treatment System Using the Same”, filed on Aug. 24, 2017; U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/563,582, entitled “Dynamic Imaging System and a Remote Laser Treatment System Using the Same”, filed on Sep. 26, 2017; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/671,525, entitled “Dynamic Image Recognition System For Security And Telemedicine”, filed on May 15, 2018; and Ser. No. 16/112,595 is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 15/608,745, entitled “Flexible Fluidic Mirror and Hybrid System”, filed May 30, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,133,056; and Ser. No. 15/608,745 is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/942,256, entitled “Flexible Fluidic Mirror and Hybrid System”, filed on Nov. 16, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,671,607, which claims priority to U.S. provisional application No. 62/180,668, entitled “Flexible Fluidic Mirror and Hybrid System”, filed Jun. 17, 2015; and Ser. No. 14/942,256 is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 14/461,263, entitled “Automated Camera System With One Or More Fluidic Lenses”, filed Aug. 15, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,191,568; and Ser. No. 14/461,263 is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 13/793,199 entitled “Fluidic Adaptive Optic Fundus Camera”, filed Mar. 11, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,016,860; and Ser. No. 13/793,199 is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 13/165,231 entitled “External Lens with Flexible Membranes for Automatic Correction of the Refractive Errors of a Person”, filed Jun. 21, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,409,278; the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not Applicable.

NAMES OF THE PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT

Not Applicable.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISK

Not Applicable.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention

The invention generally relates to a tunable prism for vision correction of a patient and other applications, and a fluidic phoropter system. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the invention generally relates to fluidic glasses for correcting refractive errors of a human or animal. More particularly, in accordance with this other aspect of the invention, the invention relates to hybrid fluidic glasses that include a diffractive lens or transitional lens in combination with a fluidic lens for simultaneous far and near stereovision.

2. Background

All children are born with a number of refractive errors and the majority of them are not detected until the age of one to two years when one eye or the other becomes dominant while the retina of the other eye does not develop and the eye remains “lazy” and may produce a deviation that is called strabismus. If the strabismus is not corrected within month to a year, the neuronal development in the lazy eye suffers by producing amblyopia in that eye.

One of the reasons for the misconception for not correcting refractive error is that the general theory that the retina is not fully developed, and therefore the eyes do not need to be corrected.

However, there has not been a simple means of measuring the eye's refraction from a child who has not learned to communicate.

In the past, the refractive errors are measured by asking a person to differentiate between the sharpness of one image (e.g., a letter), when different lenses are presented to the eye. This procedure is the so-called “subjective measurement” of the visual acuity of the patient. The problem with the subjective refraction has been the inaccuracy of the information that a person communicates to an ophthalmologist or optometrist, etc.

Until now, the refractive errors of newborns are not checked unless the child is nine to twelve months or older where the eye deviation may become visible to the parents.

Similarly, the refractive power of the eyes of animals is not measured unless there has been a need to replace (e.g., a cataract or a damaged crystalline lens) with another synthetic (e.g., acrylic plastic lens). The measurement have been in the majority of situations not precise using a sciascope, or the examiner dials a certain dioptric power in front of a direct ophthalmoscope in front of his own eye while looking inside the eye of the patient until he sees the fundus sharp. However, this accuracy of this examination depends on how often the examiner's eye is corrected to see the near object to start with.

Therefore, there is a need for fluidic glasses for correcting refractive errors of a human or animal. In addition, there is a need for hybrid fluidic glasses for simultaneous far and near stereovision for correcting vision in adults, babies, or animals. In addition, there is a need for a tunable prism for vision correction of a patient, such as for the correction of phoria, and for use in other applications.

Moreover, motion sickness can be induced by an involuntary motion of the body and the eye. The retinal photoreceptors sense the visual light stimuli induced by the motion in the surrounding environment, which are transmitted as electrical pulses to the brain via the optic nerve. The perception of the body and head location and their motion are perceived by the three semicircular fluid-filled canals and their hair-like sensors stimulated by small stones, which are located in the inner ear and build a part of the vestibular system, connected to the brain through the 8th cranial nerve.

Motion sensation can be felt both by the eye and the vestibular system, or separately. If the signals reach the brain in a coordinated logical format, the brain accepts it as expected or normal consequence of motion. If the sensations are not felt together, the brain may not be able to register it as expected or normal, which can result in a confusion producing the symptoms of motion sickness, e.g., dizziness, imbalance, stiffness of the neck muscles, vertigo, and vomiting, etc.

Virtual reality (VR) is a new computer-generated reality presented to the viewer via a headset and two goggles having two fixed plus lenses inside a viewing box with a semitransparent glass or plastic to exclude the outside world, while immersing the viewer in a separate artificial environment or a combination of virtual and augmented reality (AR). The eyes are in general in an extreme convergent position for near vision to see the images presented to them stereoscopically or in three dimensions.

While about 50% of the adult users may not have any side effects when using the VR goggles, or AR glasses, a large portion of the population will suffer from minor to major discomfort, involving eye strain, dizziness, or imbalance that makes using these units problematic after short or long term use. Often a mismatch between these sensations creates discomfort that can be minor strain of the eye to severe symptoms of dizziness, imbalance, and vomiting, etc.

At present, there is no space for correction of the visual acuity of the person in the headset for the viewer to use his or her daily worn glasses, nor there is any means of correcting the positive or negative or astigmatic dioptric errors of the eyes of the viewer in the relaxed stage or during observation of an object close to the eye that creates a state of accommodation. In this situation, the eyes automatically converge and the ciliary body contracts to create a crystalline lens in the eye which is more convex with a focal point of about 33 cm from the eye. However the closer the object is to the eye the more dioptric power is needed to bring the object or image in the focal point of the eyes.

At present, all VR or AR systems use solid lenses made of solid glass and their power is not adjustable. Only the position of the lenses can be moved closer or further apart to each other to bring them closer or further from each other. These lenses are not automatically corrected for the individuals using them.

As mentioned above, the VR headset is equipped with two sets of plus lenses, despite the statement by the manufacturers that these lenses are adjustable, this statement is related to the position of the lenses or inter-pupillary distance between the eyes, and not to the refractive power of the lenses. This means that all refractive errors of the eye including myopic, hyperopic or astigmatic errors of the eyes remain uncorrected during the use of the VR or AR. In such a situation, the eyes have to fuse the images of two eyes, in the presence of these disparities. This creates eye strain and confusion for the eye and brain. Because the degree of accommodation and convergence differ in each person and with age, these discrepancies alone enhance the potential side effects described and contribute to non-tolerance of the VR headsets. Furthermore, the solid lenses do not provide a means of increasing or decreasing their refractive power, i.e., changing their focal point as the eyes look at an object near or in the far. The simple corrective glasses also cannot adjust themselves to eliminate this problem because their corrective powers are not tunable because the lenses do not change their shape depending on the dioptric power needed in front of the eyes. And they are made to be static (solid lens) for either emmetropic correction of the eye, for the far, at a fixed distance from the eye, or for reading at a distance of about 33 cm from the eyes, etc.

Hereinafter, in this application, solutions to some of the above described problems will be presented. These solutions will make it possible to reduce some of the side effects described above, though there will be always some people who will have difficulty getting used to these side effects, which can be compared to the fear of height.

Furthermore, conventional cameras are known that require the users thereof to manually adjust the focus of a lens prior to taking a photograph so that the acquired image is in-focus. The manual adjustment of the camera lens is laborious and often inaccurate. Thus, what is needed is an automated camera system that comprises means for automatically focusing the camera without the necessity for manual adjustment by the user thereof, and without the need for moving parts on the camera itself. In particular, there is a need for a light field camera with automatic focal point adjustment.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, the present invention is directed to a tunable prism that substantially obviates one or more problems resulting from the limitations and deficiencies of the related art.

In accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a tunable prism that includes a first transparent plate and a second transparent plate. The first transparent plate is separated from the second transparent plate by a transparent balloon, a transparent ball, a transparent gel, or by a transparent bag filled with a transparent gel; and a tilt of at least one of the first and second transparent plates is configured to be modified so as to adjust a prism diopter of the tunable prism.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, the first transparent plate has a magnetic material disposed on the peripheral edge thereof, and the second transparent plate has a series of activatable electromagnets disposed on the peripheral edge thereof; and wherein the tilt of the first transparent plate relative to the second transparent plate is modified by selectively activating the electromagnets on the periphery of the second transparent plate.

In yet a further embodiment, the tunable prism is disposed in front of an eye of a patient, and the tunable prism is configured to correct a vision condition associated with the eye of the patient.

In still a further embodiment, the vision condition associated with the eye of the patient comprises a phoria condition, the phoria condition being selected from the group consisting of: (i) hyperphoria, (ii) hypophoria, (iii) oblique hyperphoria, (iv) exophoria, and (v) oblique hypophoria.

In yet a further embodiment, the tunable prism comprises one or more tunable prisms, the one or more tunable prisms being disposed in front of one or more respective lenses of one or more cameras, and displacements of the one or more tunable prisms are controlled by an artificial intelligence algorithm for focusing the one or more cameras on an object so that stereoscopic images of the object are able to be captured by the one or more cameras for use in a security system, an industry application, a robotic application, a military application, and/or a pharmaceutical application.

In still a further embodiment, the tunable prism further comprises a prismatic lens with a lens body that is formed from a substantially transparent material, the lens body including a central aperture with a darkened perimeter wall formed therein, the prismatic lens configured to provide presbyopia correction for a patient.

In yet a further embodiment, the tunable prism further comprises at least one pinpoint transitional lens for correcting a refractive power of an eye of a user for any distance, the at least one pinpoint transitional lens comprising a central region with a darkened edge having a diameter between 1 and 4 millimeters that is free of a light-activated chromophore, and a peripheral region surrounding the central region that contains the light-activated chromophore so that the peripheral region becomes darker when activated by light.

In still a further embodiment, the tunable prism is in a form of a vertically activated prism where at least one of the first transparent plate and the second transparent plate extends in a direction that is generally parallel to a direction of light passing through the tunable prism when the tunable prism is in an inactivated state in which the tilt is not modified.

In yet a further embodiment, the tunable prism further comprises a spring coil disposed between the first transparent plate and the second transparent plate.

In still a further embodiment, the first transparent plate has a magnetic material disposed on the peripheral edge thereof, and the second transparent plate has a series of activatable electromagnets disposed on the peripheral edge thereof; the tilt of the first transparent plate relative to the second transparent plate is modified by selectively activating the electromagnets on the periphery of the second transparent plate; and the spring coil is configured to return the first transparent plate to a parallel position relative to the second transparent plate when the electromagnets are not activated.

In yet a further embodiment, at least one of the first and second transparent plates has a shape selected from a group consisting of: (i) circular, (ii) rectangular, (iii) oval, and (iv) square.

In still a further embodiment, the first transparent plate is stationary and the second transparent plate is displaceable relative to the first transparent plate.

In yet a further embodiment, the tunable prism has the transparent balloon disposed between the first and second transparent plates, the transparent balloon having a chamber that receives a fluid therein and a fluid tube coupled to the chamber.

In still a further embodiment, the tunable prism has the transparent ball disposed between the first and second transparent plates, the transparent ball being formed from a transparent elastic polymeric material that permits any wavelength of light from UV to infrared to pass through the transparent elastic polymeric material.

In yet a further embodiment, the tunable prism is provided on a pair of glasses worn by a user, and the tunable prism is disposed in front of an eye of the user or in front of a lens of the glasses, the tunable prism configured to adjust a direction of view of the user so as to correct a convergence problem associated with the eye of the user.

In still a further embodiment, the tunable prism is not provided as part of a visual acuity testing device.

In accordance with one or more other embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a tunable prism system for performing object identification and/or facial recognition, the tunable prism system including a digital camera having a lens, the digital camera configured to capture one or more images of an object and/or a face of a person; and an oscillating tunable prism disposed between the lens of the digital camera and the object and/or the face of the person, the oscillating tunable prism enabling the digital camera to rapidly scan the object and/or the face of the person so as to create a wide field of view, and displacements of the oscillating tunable prism being controlled by artificial intelligence software executed on a data processing device for focusing the digital camera on the object and/or the face of the person so that sharp stereoscopic images of the object and/or the face of the person are able to be captured by the digital camera. The artificial intelligence software and/or facial recognition software executed on the data processing device is further configured to identify the object and/or the face of the person, and to transmit the one or more images of the object and/or the face of the person to a remote location via a cloud-computing environment.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, the digital camera is a digital light field camera.

In yet a further embodiment, the digital camera is mounted on a first moving object, and the digital camera is configured to capture one or more three dimensional images of a second moving object; and the artificial intelligence software and/or virtual reality software executed on the data processing device is configured to estimate time-related changes of motion of the second moving object and/or time-related changes of direction of the second moving object, and to transmit data regarding the time-related changes of motion and/or time-related changes of direction of the second moving object to a remote location via the cloud-computing environment.

In accordance with yet one or more other embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a fluidic phoropter system for rapid recognition and correction of one or more refractive errors of one or more eyes of a patient, the fluid phoropter system including a vision target or chart for providing the patient with a focus target; a light source configured to emit light into the one or more eyes of the patient; at least one fluidic lens disposed between the one or more eyes of the patient and the vision target or chart, the at least one fluidic lens having a chamber that receives a fluid therein, the at least one fluidic lens configured to correct the refractive errors of the one or more eyes of the patient; a fluid control system operatively coupled to the at least one fluidic lens, the fluid control system configured to insert an amount of the fluid into the chamber of the at least one fluidic lens, or remove an amount of the fluid from the chamber of the at least one fluidic lens, in order to change the shape of the at least one fluidic lens in accordance with the amount of fluid therein; a Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly operatively coupled to the fluid control system; a digital camera configured to capture one or more images of one or more eye structures of the one or more eyes of the patient, the one or more eye structures being selected from a group consisting of a cornea, a lens, a vitreous, a retina, and combinations thereof; and a data processing device operatively coupled to the fluid control system and the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly, the data processing device being configured to control an operation of the fluid control system based upon one or more output signals from the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly to automatically correct the refractive errors of the one or more eyes of the patient so that the focus target on the vision target or chart is in focus for the patient; and the data processing device is further configured to execute bot-assisted artificial intelligence software so as to diagnose a disease process associated with the one or more eye structures of the one or more eyes of the patient, and to transmit diagnosis information via a cloud-computing environment to the patient, an ophthalmologist, optometrist, and/or a general practitioner for confirmation of the diagnosis.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, the fluidic phoropter system further comprises at least one dichroic mirror disposed between the one or more eyes of the patient and the at least one fluidic lens.

In yet a further embodiment, the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly, the digital camera, and the data processing device are located remotely from the remainder of the fluidic phoropter system; and the fluidic phoropter system further comprises a local sensor device that communicates with the remotely-located Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly, the digital camera, and the data processing device via the cloud computing environment.

In still a further embodiment, the fluidic phoropter system further comprises at least one prismatic beam splitter disposed between the at least one fluidic lens and the local sensor device.

In yet a further embodiment, the fluidic phoropter system further comprises one or more relay lenses disposed between the at least one prismatic beam splitter and the local sensor device.

In still a further embodiment, the fluidic phoropter system further comprises an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system that scans the cornea, the lens, the vitreous, and/or the retina of the one or more eyes of the patient, and records scanned information obtained from the one or more eyes of the patient so that the scanned information is able to be analyzed with the bot-assisted artificial intelligence software and/or virtual reality software to diagnose diabetic macular edema, a degree of sub-retinal fluid, or an existence and/or progression of a wet or dry form of age-related macular degeneration, a central vein occlusion, branch vein or artery occlusion, retinitis pigmentosa, presence or absence of a tumor, optic nerve head edema, changes due to glaucoma, retinal condition in diabetic retinopathy, changes in the parapapillary micro-vasculatures, retinal thickness, and/or cellular changes in the retina or choroid.

In yet a further embodiment, the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly, the digital camera, and the data processing device are located remotely from the remainder of the fluidic phoropter system; the light source of the fluidic phoropter system comprises a light emitting diode, a light beam emitted by the light emitting diode is automatically focused on the retina of the one or more eyes of the patient, and the digital camera photographs the retina; and the Shack Hartmann sensor assembly, the digital camera, and the data processing device with the bot-assisted artificial intelligence software communicates with the remainder of the fluidic phoropter system via the cloud-computing environment, and the data processing device remotely controls the at least one fluidic lens, the digital camera obtains the retinal images via the cloud-computing environment by activating and deactivating the light emitting diode, and analyzes the retinal images with the bot-assisted artificial intelligence software on the data processing device, thereby making the basic unit of the fluidic phoropter system portable and useable as a home monitoring system for a follow-up of the patient or evaluation of a new patient for his or her refractive error and an ocular disease diagnosis, and/or recognizing the patient by his or her retina if the patient has been photographed along with the capturing of images of his or her cornea, lens, and/or the retina.

In still a further embodiment, the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly, the digital camera, and the data processing device are part of a small augmented reality (AR) or virtual reality (VR) system that is placed in front of an eye of the patient on a small portable table for use as a home monitoring device where the fluidic phoropter system evaluates simultaneously the visual acuity and uses optical coherence tomography (OCT) for imaging the cornea, lens, vitreous, and/or a retinal pathology in various ophthalmic and systemic diseases, and communicates the information remotely or through a bot as written or spoken words to the patient and his or her doctor.

In yet a further embodiment, the light source emits a light beam for multispectral or hyperspectral imaging, and the light beam is sent to the one or more eyes of the patient through the same light pathway after the refractive errors of the one or more eyes are corrected with the at least one fluidic lens and the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly so that a retina of the one or more eyes is in focus for photography of the cornea, the lens, and the retina of the one or more eyes.

In accordance with still one or more other embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a tunable prism system for vision correction of a user wearing a virtual reality or augmented reality headset, the tunable prism system including a virtual reality or augmented reality headset configured to be worn by a user, the virtual reality or augmented reality headset configured to create an artificial environment and/or immersive environment for the user; at least one fluidic lens disposed between an eye of the user and a screen of the virtual reality or augmented reality headset, the at least one fluidic lens disposed inside the virtual reality or augmented reality headset, the at least one fluidic lens having a chamber that receives a fluid therein, the at least one fluidic lens configured to correct the refractive errors of the eye of the user; at least one tunable prism disposed between the eye of the user and the screen of the virtual reality or augmented reality headset, the at least one tunable prism disposed inside the virtual reality or augmented reality headset, and the at least one tunable prism configured to correct a convergence problem associated with the eye of the user; a fluid control system operatively coupled to the at least one fluidic lens, the fluid control system configured to insert an amount of the fluid into the chamber of the at least one fluidic lens, or remove an amount of the fluid from the chamber of the at least one fluidic lens, in order to change the shape of the at least one fluidic lens in accordance with the amount of fluid therein; a remotely-located Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly operatively coupled to the at least one tunable prism and the fluid control system via a cloud computing environment; and a remotely-located data processing device with artificial intelligence software operatively coupled to the fluid control system and the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly, the data processing device being configured to control an operation of the fluid control system based upon one or more output signals from the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly to automatically correct the refractive errors of the eye of the patient, the data processing device being further configured to control an operation of the at least one tunable prism to automatically correct eye convergence of the user as needed for binocular vision, and the data processing device being additionally configured to transmit eye-related information regarding the user via the cloud-computing environment to the user and/or his or her doctor.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, the tunable prism system further comprises a light source disposed inside the virtual reality or augmented reality headset, the light source configured to emit light into the eye of the user; the tunable prism system further comprising a digital camera configured to capture one or more images of one or more eye structures of the eye of the user; and the data processing device is further configured to execute bot-assisted artificial intelligence software so as to diagnose a disease process associated with the one or more eye structures of the eye of the patient, and to transmit diagnosis information, refractive power information, and/or convergence deficiency information via the cloud-computing environment to the patient, an ophthalmologist, optometrist, and/or a general practitioner for confirmation of the diagnosis.

In yet a further embodiment, the fluid control system comprises a pump and one or more fluid distribution lines, at least one of the one or more fluid distribution lines fluidly coupling the pump to the at least one fluidic lens so that the pump is capable of adjusting a refractive power of the at least one fluidic lens.

In still a further embodiment, the data processing device is configured to control an operation of the pump of the fluid control system based upon the one or more output signals from the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly.

Additional features and advantages are described herein, and will be apparent from, the following Detailed Description and the figures.

It is to be understood that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description of the present invention are merely exemplary and explanatory in nature. As such, the foregoing general description and the following detailed description of the invention should not be construed to limit the scope of the appended claims in any sense.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a fluidic spherical lens in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates a fluidic cylindrical lens in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment of the present invention in which a device is shown that is capable of automatically correcting all refractive errors of an eye;

FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment of the present invention in which a fluidic adaptive optic fundus camera is shown;

FIG. 5 illustrates yet another embodiment of the present invention in which an automated camera system is shown, wherein the automated camera system comprises a plurality of fluidic lenses;

FIG. 6 is a side sectional view of a biconvex, flexible fluidic mirror, according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 7 is a side sectional view of a convex, flexible fluidic mirror, according to another embodiment of the invention, wherein the section is generally cut along the cutting-plane line A-A in FIG. 8 ;

FIG. 8 is a front/top view of the convex, flexible fluidic mirrors of FIGS. 6 and 7 ;

FIG. 9 is a side sectional view of a flexible concave fluidic mirror, according to yet another embodiment of the invention, wherein the flexible membrane of the mirror is in its relaxed state;

FIG. 10 is another side sectional view of the flexible concave fluidic mirror of FIG. 9 , wherein the flexible membrane of the mirror is in its deformed state, and wherein the section is generally cut along the cutting-plane line B-B in FIG. 11 ;

FIG. 11 is a front/top view of the flexible concave fluidic mirrors of FIGS. 9 and 10 ;

FIG. 12 is a front/top view of a flexible parabolic or elliptical fluidic mirror, according to still another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 13 is a side sectional view of the flexible parabolic or elliptical fluidic mirror of FIG. 12 , wherein the section is generally cut along the cutting-plane line C-C in FIG. 12 ;

FIG. 14 is a front/top view of a hybrid flexible fluidic mirror, according to yet another embodiment of the invention, wherein the mirror has a circular shape and a convex configuration;

FIG. 15 is a side sectional view of the hybrid flexible fluidic mirror of FIG. 14 , wherein the section is generally cut along the cutting-plane line D-D in FIG. 14 ;

FIG. 16 is a front/top view of another hybrid flexible fluidic mirror, according to still another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 17 is a side sectional view of another hybrid flexible fluidic mirror, according to yet another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 18 a is a diagrammatic representation of a fluidic digital light field photography (DIFLFP) camera described herein, wherein the image of an object is being focused on the plane of the microlens array, according to still another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 18 b is another diagrammatic representation of the fluidic digital light field photography (DIFLFP) camera described herein, wherein the image of the object is being focused behind the plane of the microlens array;

FIG. 18 c is yet another diagrammatic representation of the fluidic digital light field photography (DIFLFP) camera described herein, wherein the image of the object is being focused in front of the plane of the microlens array;

FIG. 19 is a diagrammatic representation of the concave microlens and sensor array of the fluidic digital light field photography (DIFLFP) camera described herein;

FIG. 20 is a diagrammatic representation of another fluidic light field camera described herein, according to yet another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 21 is a diagrammatic representation of yet another fluidic light field camera described herein, according to still another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 22 is a perspective view of a person wearing a virtual reality headset that includes fluidic lenses in the headset for correcting the refractive errors of the person, according to yet another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 23 is a diagrammatic representation of the refractive error correction system utilized in conjunction with the fluidic lenses disposed in the virtual reality headset of FIG. 22 ;

FIG. 24 is a detail view of the pump and servomotor that is used in the refractive error correction system of FIG. 23 ;

FIG. 25A is a diagrammatic view of a system that utilizes a plurality of prisms to separate the images of each eye to reduce muscular fatigue during convergence, according to still another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 25B is a diagrammatic view of a system where the images that are projected onto a screen are seen by each eye separately, according to yet another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 25C is a top view of a spherical fluidic lens and two astigmatic cylindrical fluidic lenses that may be included in the system of FIG. 25B for each eye;

FIG. 25D depicts top views of pinpoint transitional lenses for correcting refractive power for any distance, according to still another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 25E depicts side views of the pinpoint transitional lenses of FIG. 25D;

FIG. 26A is a top view of a first transparent circular plate used for correcting a convergence problem associated with a user of a virtual reality (VR) headset, according to still another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 26B is a top view of a second transparent circular plate used for correcting a convergence problem associated with a user of a virtual reality (VR) headset;

FIG. 26C is a top view of two transparent circular plates used for correcting a convergence problem associated with a user of a virtual reality (VR) headset, wherein the upper transparent circular plate has a magnetic material at the peripheral edge thereof, and the lower transparent circular plate has a series of activatable electromagnets at the peripheral edge thereof, according to yet another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 26D is a top view of a transparent balloon (or a ball-shaped flexible transparent polymer) that is able to be filled with a fluid for creating a tunable prism (or when it is in the form of a ball, it does not need to be filled because it is made of a flexible or semisolid transparent polymer with no cavity), according to still another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 26E is a side view of a tunable prism in a parallel configuration, where the tunable prism utilizes the transparent balloon or ball of FIG. 26D;

FIG. 26F is a side view of the tunable prism of FIG. 26E in a first tilted configuration;

FIG. 26G is a side view of a tunable prism of FIG. 26E in a second tilted configuration;

FIG. 26H is a side view of another tunable prism, wherein the bottom plate of the tunable prism comprises a central hole formed therein, according to yet another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 26I illustrates varying degrees of activation of a tunable prism, which is similar to the tunable prism depicted in FIGS. 26E, 26F, and 26G;

FIG. 26J is another side view of the tunable prism of FIG. 26H, wherein the balloon of the tunable prism is shown protruding through the central hole in the bottom plate, and the balloon is compressed using magnets without the use of a pump;

FIG. 27A is a side view of another tunable prism, wherein a pump is shown connected to the balloon of the tunable prism for inflating the balloon so as to create a convex lens, according to still another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 27B is a side view of a combined prism and tunable lens, wherein the combined prism and tunable lens (e.g., a liquid lens) is provided with both a pump and magnetic actuation means, according to yet another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 27C is a top view of the back plate of the combined prism and tunable lens illustrated in FIG. 27B, wherein the circular opening in the back plate is depicted;

FIG. 27D is a side view of a combined prism and tunable lens similar to that of FIG. 27B, except that the back plate of the combined prism and tunable lens is provided with a rectangular opening rather than a circular opening for creation of an astigmatic tunable lens, according to still another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 27E is a top view of the back plate of the combined prism and tunable flexible lens illustrated in FIG. 27D, wherein the rectangular opening in the back plate is depicted;

FIG. 27F is a top view of a universal prism created by two separate liquid or tunable lenses located 45 degrees from each other, according to yet another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 27G is a top view of another universal prism and astigmatic lenses that is created by two prismatic lenses located 45 degrees from each other, according to still another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 28A is a side view of another tunable prism, wherein a spring coil is used in the prism rather than a balloon or ball, according to yet another embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 28B is a side view of still another embodiment of a tunable prism, wherein the tunable prism utilizes a combination of a spring coil and a balloon or ball made of a transparent polymer, such as silicone, etc.

FIG. 29 is a side sectional view of a fluidic lens with a flexible membrane in a convex configuration for correction of farsightedness of an eye (hyperopia), according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 30 is a side sectional view of a fluidic lens with a flexible membrane in a concave configuration for correction of nearsightedness of an eye (i.e., myopia), according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 31 is a side sectional view of a presbyopic bifocal fluidic lens with two fluidic chambers for correcting for both hyperopia and myopia, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 32 is a side sectional view of the presbyopic bifocal fluidic lens of FIG. 31 , where the front fluidic lens is disposed in a concave configuration for correction of myopia, and the rear fluidic lens is disposed in a convex configuration for correction of hyperopia, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 33 is a side sectional view of a diffractive fluidic lens having a front fluidic lens chamber with a flexible membrane and a rear Fresnel diffractive lens with multiple zones of prisms to provide many fixed diffractive plus zone focal points, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 34 is a top view of the diffractive fluidic lens of FIG. 33 ;

FIG. 35A is a top view of a back plate of a fluidic chamber of a fluidic lens, where the back plate is in the form of a transitional lens with a pigment that changes color based upon the amount of light absorbed, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 35B is a top view of another back plate of a fluidic chamber of a fluidic lens, where the back plate is in the form of a transitional lens in which the pigment does not cover a small central area of the plate, thereby creating a pinhole configuration in the plate when the plate is exposed to light, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 35C is a top view of yet another back plate of a fluidic chamber of a fluidic lens, where the back plate is in the form of a diffractive lens in which the central area of the plate is not diffractive, thereby creating a pinhole configuration in the plate, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 35D is a top view of still another back plate of a fluidic chamber of a fluidic lens, where the back plate is in the form of a diffractive transitional lens in which the pigment does not cover a small non-diffractive central area of the plate, thereby creating a pinhole configuration in the plate when the plate is exposed to light, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 36 is a perspective view depicting fluidic adjustable glasses disposed on a person, the fluidic adjustable glasses including one or more lenses illustrated in FIGS. 29-35D, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 37A is a side view of a hybrid fluidic lens with one or more transparent plates, where the rear transparent plate is diffractive and may be provided with a transitional pigment, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 37B is a top view of the diffractive fluidic lens of FIG. 37A;

FIG. 38 is a side view of a hybrid fluidic lens similar to that of FIGS. 29 and 30 , except that the back plate of the hybrid fluidic lens has an additional plus lens for presbyopia correction;

FIG. 39 is a front view of eyes of a patient without any phoria condition;

FIG. 40 is a front view of eyes of a patient having a phoria condition resulting in a deviation of 1 millimeter (mm) in the left eye of the patient;

FIG. 41 is a front view of eyes of a patient having a phoria condition resulting in a deviation of 2 millimeters (mm) in the left eye of the patient;

FIG. 42 is a front view of eyes of a patient having a phoria condition resulting in a deviation of 3 millimeters (mm) in the left eye of the patient;

FIG. 43 is a front view of a left eye of a patient having a hyperphoria condition;

FIG. 44 is a front view of a left eye of a patient having a hypophoria condition;

FIG. 45 is a front view of a left eye of a patient having an oblique hyperphoria condition;

FIG. 46 is a front view of a left eye of a patient having an exophoria condition;

FIG. 47 is a front view of a left eye of a patient having an oblique hypophoria condition;

FIG. 48 is a side view of a tunable prism in a parallel configuration, where the tunable prism utilizes a deformable balloon or ball with or without a tube;

FIG. 49 is a side view of a pair of tunable prisms in a first vision correction configuration, where the tunable prisms are magnetically activated so as to create a base-in prism;

FIG. 50 is a side view of a pair of tunable prisms in a second vision correction configuration, where the tunable prisms are magnetically activated so as to create a base-out prism;

FIG. 51 is a side view of a pair of vertically activated tunable prisms, where each of the tunable prisms is magnetically activated in different vision correction configurations;

FIG. 52 is a diagrammatic representation of a home monitoring system for evaluating a refractive error and/or an ocular disease of a patient, wherein the home monitoring system includes a fluidic phoropter, a camera to photograph the retina, and a remote Shack Hartmann sensor connected via the cloud;

FIG. 53 is a diagrammatic representation of a home monitoring system for evaluating a refractive error and/or an ocular disease of a patient, wherein the home monitoring system includes a fluidic phoropter, and a remote Shack Hartmann sensor with artificial intelligence (AI) software connected via the cloud;

FIG. 54 is a diagrammatic representation of AR or VR goggles with tunable prisms, fluidic lenses, and electronics that are connected via the cloud to a remote Shack Hartmann sensor with artificial intelligence (AI) software for binocular vision, imaging of the cornea, and/or diagnosis of a disease of a wearer of the AR or VR goggles;

FIG. 55A is a side view of an illustrative embodiment of a tunable prism in a parallel configuration, where the tunable prism utilizes a transparent flexible ball;

FIG. 55B is a side view of the tunable prism of FIG. 55A in a first tilted configuration;

FIG. 55C is a side view of the tunable prism of FIG. 55A in a second tilted configuration;

FIG. 56A is a side view of an illustrative embodiment of a tunable prism in a parallel configuration, where the top transparent plate has a convex upper surface;

FIG. 56B is a side view of the tunable prism of FIG. 56A in a first tilted configuration;

FIG. 56C is a side view of the tunable prism of FIG. 56A in a second tilted configuration;

FIG. 57A is a side view of an illustrative embodiment of a tunable prism in a parallel configuration, where the top transparent plate has a concave upper surface;

FIG. 57B is a side view of the tunable prism of FIG. 57A in a first tilted configuration;

FIG. 57C is a side view of the tunable prism of FIG. 57A in a second tilted configuration;

FIG. 57D is another side view of the tunable prism of FIG. 57A in a parallel configuration, where the transparent flexible ball between the plates has been compressed;

FIG. 58A is a side view of an illustrative embodiment of a tunable prism in a parallel configuration, where the top transparent plate has an opening through which a flexible balloon or ball is able to bulge out;

FIG. 58B is a side view of the tunable prism of FIG. 58A in a first tilted configuration;

FIG. 58C is a side view of the tunable prism of FIG. 58A in a second tilted configuration;

FIG. 59A is a side view of an illustrative embodiment of a tunable prism in a parallel configuration, where the top transparent plate has a diffractive upper surface and the tunable prism is magnetically actuated;

FIG. 59B is a side view of the tunable prism of FIG. 59A in a tilted configuration after the tunable prism has been magnetically actuated;

FIG. 60A is a side view of an illustrative embodiment of a tunable prism in a first tilted configuration, where a pump is shown connected to an inflatable balloon of the tunable prism for inflating the balloon, and the top and bottom transparent plates are connected to one another by a joint or hinge;

FIG. 60B is a side view of the tunable prism of FIG. 60A in a second tilted configuration, where the balloon of the tunable prism in FIG. 60B is more inflated than that which is depicted in FIG. 60A; and

FIG. 61 is a side view of an illustrative embodiment of a tunable prism in a tilted configuration, where a pump is shown connected to an inflatable balloon of the tunable prism for inflating the balloon, the top and bottom transparent plates are connected to one another by a joint or hinge, and the top transparent plate has a Fresnel prism-like or diffractive upper surface.

Throughout the figures, the same parts are always denoted using the same reference characters so that, as a general rule, they will only be described once.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Referring initially to FIGS. 1-3 , one embodiment of the automated system of the present invention comprises a flexible membrane attached to a solid chamber where the membrane's surface can be made to act as a positive or negative surface by altering the fluid pressure inside the chamber.

The membrane can be constructed from any transparent elastomeric material. Depending on the membrane's peripheral attachment (e.g. circular) the membrane acts as a spherical (plus or minus 35.00 D) lens or (plus or minus 8.00 D) cylindrical lens when its attachment is rectangular (FIGS. 1 and 2 ).

By combining one spherical and two cylindrical lens-membranes, positioned 45 degrees to one another, one can correct all low order aberration of the refractive errors.

Using a non-uniform thickness membrane or an additional lens module one can also correct the higher order aberrations of refractive errors and creation of an achromatic lens. The flexible membrane lens is adjusted to null the wavefront error of the eye.

When this system is combined with a relay telescope, the image of the eye pupil can be projected onto a wavefront sensor via a dichroic mirror to analyze the shape of the wavefront (FIG. 3 ) while the person sees a near or distant object. The present system eliminates deformable mirrors and scanning parts; therefore it is a compact and stable unit.

The sensor in return corrects automatically all refractive errors of an eye by adding or subtracting fluid from the chamber holding the flexible membrane, thereby adjusting the curvature of the flexible membranes.

The final information is equal to the eye's refractive power of an eye for any given distance. Because of its simple design and light weight of the system both eyes of a person can be corrected simultaneously.

Additional application of this concept besides vision correction and photography includes microscope lenses, operating microscope, a lensometer capable of measuring accurately various focal points (power) of a multifocal lens or a multifocal diffractive lens, liquid crystal lenses etc. known in the art. A combination of the plus and minus flexible membrane lenses can also provide a lightweight telescope. Others include hybrid combination of this technology with diffractive, refractive and liquid crystal lenses.

FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment of the present invention. In particular, FIG. 4 illustrates a system 1400 in which a fundus camera 1402 uses a fluidic adaptive optic lens 1404. Adjacent the patient's eye 1406, are the three fluidic lenses 1408A-C. Preferably, one of the fluidic lenses is a spherical lens 1408A, and two of the lenses are cylindrical lenses 1408B and 1408C. However, the system can include any number of suitable lenses. In an exemplary embodiment, the spherical lens 1408A is disposed in a first plane, the first cylindrical lens 1408B is disposed in a second plane, and the second cylindrical lens 1408C is disposed in a third plane. Each of the first, second, and third planes are oriented parallel or generally parallel to one another. Also, the first cylindrical lens 1408B has a first axis and the second cylindrical lens 1408C has a second axis. The first axis of the first cylindrical lens 1408B is disposed at an angle of approximately 45 degrees relative to the second axis of the second cylindrical lens 1408C. In addition, in an exemplary embodiment, the first plane of the spherical lens 1408A is disposed closer to the eye 1406 than the second plane of the first cylindrical lens 1408B and the third plane of the second cylindrical lens 1408C. As such, in this exemplary embodiment, the cylindrical lenses 1408B, 1408C are positioned at 45 degrees or about 45 degrees relative to each other, and are disposed in front of the spherical lens 1408A (i.e., farther from the eye 1406).

The three lens system forms a telescopic system that transmits the light from IR light 1410 reflected from the eye and through the three lenses to a Shack-Hartmann sensor 1412. The Shack-Hartmann sensor is connected to control system 1414 through a charge-coupled device (CCD) array. The Shack-Hartmann sensor and the control system controls the amount of fluid injected and/or removed in the three fluidic lenses. Preferably, the control system includes (or is in communication with) a pump (not shown) which injects and withdraws fluid from a container (not shown). By injecting and withdrawing fluid from the lenses, high and low order aberrations are eliminated prior to the photography, since the fluidic lenses are capable of adjusting to the specific needs of the eye, in the same manner as described above.

Fundus camera 1402 is preferably equipped with white flush or a scanning laser ophthalmoscope or various lasers with different wavelengths from ultraviolet to infra-red wave length to obtain various visual information from the retina, choroid and optic nerve head. At low energy, the coagulative laser 1418 in FIG. 4 acts as an aiming beam, so it may be both coagulative and non-coagulative depending on its energy level. An Optical coherence tomography (OCT) 1416 or a laser can replace the scanning laser 1418 (or coagulative laser) to obtain two or three dimensional histological images from the eye structures or the laser can perform a precise coagulation of the retina along with the OCT images.

The fundus camera 1402 is also connected to a digital camera 1420 and/or a visualization monitor. Therefore, the images captured by the fundus camera can be viewed in real time or captured for viewing at a later time.

Additionally, the camera position can be moved into any desired position by a two way mirror that is positioned behind the fluidic lens.

The present system results in a compact, lightweight, precise and inexpensive advanced camera system eliminating the need for the complex prior technology which uses deformable mirrors.

FIG. 5 illustrates yet another embodiment of the present invention. In particular, FIG. 5 illustrates an automated camera system 1500, wherein the light waves entering a camera are corrected using a plurality of fluidic lenses 1508A, 1508B, and 1508C. As shown in FIG. 5 , the automated camera system 1500 generally comprises a camera 1502 configured to capture an image of an object 1504; a plurality of fluidic lenses (e.g., three fluidic lenses 1508A, 1508B, and 1508C) disposed between the camera 1502 and the object 1504, each of the plurality of fluidic lenses 1508A, 1508B, and 1508C having a respective chamber that receives a fluid therein; a fluid control system 1506 operatively coupled to each of the plurality of fluidic lenses 1508A, 1508B, and 1508C, the fluid control system 1506 configured to insert an amount of the fluid into the respective chamber of each of the plurality of fluidic lenses 1508A, 1508B, and 1508C, or remove an amount of the fluid from the respective chamber of each of the plurality of fluidic lenses 1508A, 1508B, and 1508C, in order to change the shape of each of the plurality of fluidic lenses 1508A, 1508B, and 1508C in accordance with the amount of fluid therein; and a Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly 1510 operatively coupled to the fluid control system 1506, the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly 1510 by means of the fluid control system 1506 configured to automatically control the amount of the fluid in the respective chamber of each of the plurality of fluidic lenses 1508A, 1508B, and 1508C, thereby automatically focusing the camera 1502 so that the image captured of the object 1504 is in focus. The camera 1502 may comprise any one of: (i) a digital camera for photography, (ii) a camera for automated microscopy, (iii) an optical coherence tomography (OCT) camera, (iv) a video surveillance camera, or (v) a camera for any other form of imaging, such as telesystem imager or a laser scanner, etc. The camera 1502 may record visible light images, infrared (IR) light images, ultraviolet (UV) light images, etc. Advantageously, the camera 1502 has no moving parts and is automatically focused by means of the plurality of fluidic lenses 1508A, 1508B, and 1508C.

As shown in FIG. 5 , the camera 1502 comprises a camera aperture 1530 that allows light rays to pass therethrough. The camera 1502 may also comprise a standard lens that is disposed behind the plurality of fluidic lenses 1508A, 1508B, and 1508C.

In the automated camera system 1500 of FIG. 5 , the three fluidic lenses may include a spherical lens 1508A, a first cylindrical lens 1508B, and a second cylindrical lens 1508C. In the illustrated embodiment, the spherical lens 1508A, which is closest to the camera 1502, may be a spherical lens as illustrated in FIG. 1 . Similarly, in the illustrated embodiment, the first and second cylindrical lenses 1508B, 1508C, which are disposed in front the spherical lens 1508A, may each be a cylindrical lens as illustrated in FIG. 2 . In an exemplary embodiment, the spherical lens 1508A is disposed in a first plane, the first cylindrical lens 1508B is disposed in a second plane, and the second cylindrical lens 1508C is disposed in a third plane. Each of the first, second, and third planes are oriented parallel or generally parallel to one another. Also, the first cylindrical lens 1508B has a first axis and the second cylindrical lens 1508C has a second axis. The first axis of the first cylindrical lens 1508B is disposed at an angle of approximately 45 degrees relative to the second axis of the second cylindrical lens 1508C. In addition, in an exemplary embodiment, the first plane of the spherical lens 1508A is disposed closer to the camera 1502 than the second plane of the first cylindrical lens 1508B and the third plane of the second cylindrical lens 1508C.

Referring again to the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 5 , it can be seen that the fluid control system 1506 comprises a pump 1512 and a plurality of fluid distribution lines 1514A, 1514B, 1514C. Each of the plurality of fluid distribution lines 1514A, 1514B, 1514C fluidly connects the pump to a respective one of the plurality of fluidic lenses 1508A, 1508B, and 1508C. The pump 1512 adjusts the refractive power of the plurality of fluidic lenses 1508A, 1508B, and 1508C by inserting an amount of fluid into, or removing an amount of fluid from, each of the respective chambers of the plurality of fluidic lenses 1508A, 1508B, and 1508C.

With reference again to FIG. 5 , it can be seen that the illustrative automated camera system 1500 further includes a data processing device 1516, which may be in the form of a personal computing device or personal computer. The data processing device 1516 (i.e., computer) of the automated camera system 1500 may comprise a microprocessor for processing data, memory (e.g., random access memory or RAM) for storing data during the processing thereof, and data storage device(s), such as one or more hard drives, compact disk drives, floppy disk drives, flash drives, or any combination thereof. At least one visual display device (i.e., monitor or display) may be operatively coupled to the data processing device 1516 (i.e., computer). Also, a plurality of user data input devices, such as a keyboard and a mouse, may be operatively coupled to the data processing device 1516 (i.e., computer) so that a user is able to enter data into the data processing device 1516.

As shown in FIG. 5 , the data processing device 1516 (i.e., computer) is operatively connected to the pump 1512 of the fluid control system 1506 by, for example, a wired connection or a wireless connection. Also, the data processing device 1516 (i.e., computer) is operatively connected to the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly 1510 by a wired connection or a wireless connection. The data processing device (i.e., computer) is specifically programmed to control the operation of the pump 1512 of the fluid control system 1506 based upon one or more output signals from the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly 1510. Also, as shown in FIG. 5 , the data processing device 1516 (i.e., computer) is operatively coupled to the camera 1502 by, for example, a wired connection or a wireless connection. When the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly 1510 indicates to the data processing device 1516 (i.e., computer) that the object 1504 is in focus for the camera 1502, the data processing device 1516 is specially programmed to emit one or more initiation signals to the camera 1502 instructing the camera to capture the image of the object 1504. That is, the data processing device 1516 initiates a recording by the camera 1502 (e.g., a single photograph or a movie/video) or initiates an action, such as surveillance of an area with in-focus photos (i.e., if the camera 1502 is in the form of a video surveillance camera). As also shown in FIG. 5 , an on-off switch 1526 may be provided to activate or deactivate the functionality of the automated camera system 1500 described herein. That is, when the on-off switch 1526 is in the “on” position, the data processing device 1516 automatically controls the operation of the camera 1502 by means of the one or more initiation signals that automatically initiate the capturing of the image (i.e., the automatic mode). Conversely, when the on-off switch 1526 is in the “off” position, the camera 1502 is in the non-automatic mode, whereby the operation of the camera 1502 is manually controlled by a user thereof (e.g., the user is required to manually focus the camera 1502 in the non-automatic mode).

In FIG. 5 , it can be seen that the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly 1510 comprises a charge-coupled device (CCD) array 1518 and a lenslet array 1520. The charge-coupled device (CCD) array 1518 of the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly 1510 is operatively connected to the data processing device 1516 (i.e., computer) by, for example, a wired connection or a wireless connection. Also, as shown in FIG. 5 , the automated camera system 1500 further includes a dichroic mirror 1522 disposed in front of the plurality of fluidic lenses 1508A, 1508B, and 1508C. The dichroic mirror 1522 is located between the plurality of fluidic lenses 1508A, 1508B, and 1508C and the lenslet array 1520 of Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly 1510 in the path of the light. The dichroic mirror 1522 allows the light rays 1532 from the external light source outside the automated camera system 1500 to pass therethrough (as indicated by arrow 1532 in FIG. 5 ). The external light source could be sunlight, an artificial flash light, or an external source that generates an infrared light. The external light source illuminates the object 1504 that is being photographed or recorded by the camera 1502. The automated camera system 1500 additionally includes a first diffractive lens 1524 or a holographic optical element (HOE) disposed between the dichroic mirror 1522 and the lenslet array 1520 in the path of the light. A holographic optical element (HOE) is essentially a diffractic element, but it is made with the technique of a hologram, which results in a very thin diffractive film. A holographic optical element (HOE) is easily reproducible and inexpensive to fabricate. The first diffractive lens 1524 or holographic optical element (HOE) directs the portion 1538 of the light that is reflected from the dichroic mirror 1522 to a single focal point 1540. After passing through the single focal point 1540, the reflected light passes through a second diffractive lens 1528 before entering the lenslet array 1520 of the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly 1510. The first and second diffractive lens 1524, 1528 are required in the automated camera system 1500 in order to maintain the fidelity of the reflected light 1538. In order to avoid obscuring the image being captured by the camera 1502, the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly 1510 must be located outside of the direct focal line of the camera 1502.

Now, with reference again to FIG. 5 , the functionality of the automated camera system 1500 of FIG. 5 will be described. Initially, as explained above, the light rays 1532 from the external light source pass through dichroic mirror 1522 and the plurality of fluidic lenses 1508A, 1508B, and 1508C, and then, are reflected back from the camera 1502 (i.e., reflected light 1534 in FIG. 5 ). As shown in FIG. 5 , the light waves or rays 1534 that are reflected back from the camera 1502 initially pass through the plurality of fluidic lenses 1508A, 1508B, and 1508C. In particular, the light waves pass through the spherical fluidic lens 1508A first, then followed by the first cylindrical fluidic lens 1508B, and finally the second cylindrical fluidic lens 1508C. After passing through the plurality of fluidic lenses 1508A, 1508B, and 1508C, a first portion 1536 of the reflected light 1534 passes back through the dichroic mirror 1522 to the outside, while a second portion 1538 of the reflected light 1534 is reflected by the dichroic mirror 1522 through the first diffractive lens 1524. As explained above, the first diffractive lens 1524 directs the second portion 1538 of the light that is reflected from the dichroic mirror 1522 to a single focal point 1540. After passing through the single focal point 1540, the reflected light 1538 passes through a second diffractive lens 1528 before entering the lenslet array 1520 of the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly 1510. After the light waves are transmitted to the lenslet array 1520 of the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly 1510, a light spotfield is created on the charge-coupled device (CCD) array or CCD camera 1518 of the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly 1510 so that the intensity and location of each light spot in the spotfield may be determined. When light spots in the spotfield are crisp and clear in the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly 1510, they are in focus. Conversely, when light spots in the spotfield are fuzzy in the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly 1510, they are not in focus. When all of the light spots in the spotfield are in focus, the subject of the photography (i.e., object 1504) is in focus for the camera 1502. Upon determining the intensity and location information from the spotfield, the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly 1510, by means of the data processing device 1516, controls the refractive power of the lenses 1508A, 1508B, and 1508C through the computerized fluid pump 1512 connected to the fluidic lenses 1508A, 1508B, and 1508C. When the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly 1510 indicates that the object 1504 of view (a landscape, person, etc.) is in focus for the camera 1502, the data processing device 1516 is specially programmed to emit one or more initiation signals to the camera 1502 so as to initiate the recording of a photo or video, with a flash or without a flash light using infra-red light.

FIGS. 6-17 illustrate additional embodiments of the present invention. In accordance with a first set of illustrative embodiments, a flexible fluidic mirror will be described with reference to FIGS. 6-13 . The flexible fluidic mirror generally comprises a flexible membrane defining a fluid chamber, and an outer housing supporting the flexible fluid membrane. The surface of the flexible membrane of the fluidic mirror may be coated with nanoparticles that reflect light back so as to create the necessary mirror effect. The flexible membrane of the fluidic mirror may be disposed in either a convex orientation or in a concave orientation depending on whether fluid is being injected into, or withdrawn from the fluid chamber or cavity. As shown in FIG. 6 , the biconvex, flexible fluidic mirror 1600 comprises a flexible membrane 1602 that is convex on both sides of the mirror. The flexible membrane 1602 is supported in an outer housing 1604, and the flexible membrane 1602 and the outer housing 1604 defines an internal fluid chamber 1610 for receiving a fluid therein. A fluid pipe or tube 1606 is fluidly coupled to the fluid chamber 1610 of the fluidic mirror 1600 so that the fluid may be injected into, or withdrawn from the fluid chamber 1610 by means of a fluid pump (e.g., the fluid pump 1512 depicted in FIG. 5 may be fluidly connected to the fluid pipe 1606). Also, referring again to FIG. 6 , it can be seen that the fluid pipe or tube 1606 comprises a valve 1608 disposed therein to selectively regulate the fluid flow through the fluid pipe 1606 (i.e., turn the fluid flow on or off). In FIG. 6 , it can be seen that light rays 1612 are shown striking the front surface of the mirror 1600, and reflecting off the front surface of the mirror 1600. A front view (top view) of the fluidic mirror of FIG. 6 is shown in FIG. 8 . As shown in FIG. 8 , the outer housing 1604 of the mirror 1600 forms a circular restriction that houses the flexible membrane 1602 therein.

The flexible fluidic mirror 1600′ depicted in FIG. 7 is similar to that shown in FIG. 6 , except that the flexible membrane 1602′ has only a single convex front portion, rather than the biconvex configuration of FIG. 6 . As shown in FIG. 7 , the outer housing 1604′ of the mirror 1600′ has a solid, rigid back portion 1604 a′ that does not deform as a result of fluid pressure exerted thereon. Also, similar to the embodiment of FIG. 6 , the outer housing 1604′ additionally comprises a solid, rigid peripheral side housing 1604 b′. In FIG. 7 , it can be seen that, when the incoming light beam 1614 strikes the convex mirror 1600′, the light is reflected by the front surface of the mirror 1600′ (as indicated by reflected light beams 1616). One or more of the reflected light beams 1616 may be transmitted via a dichroic mirror (e.g., the dichroic mirror 1522 in FIG. 5 ) to a diffractive lens or a holographic element (e.g., the diffractive lens 1524, 1528 in FIG. 5 ) to a Shack-Hartmann system (e.g., the Shack-Hartmann assembly 1510 in FIG. 5 ) to increase or decrease the amount of the fluid in the mirror cavity 1610′ by a processing device (e.g., a computer or computing device with a microprocessor, such as the data processing device 1516 in FIG. 5 ) until the beam is in focus.

The circular flexible fluidic mirror 1600″ depicted in FIGS. 9-11 is similar to that described above with regard to FIGS. 6 and 7 , except that the flexible membrane 1602′ is configured to be deformed into a concave configuration, rather than the convex configurations of FIGS. 6 and 7 . As shown in the side sectional views of FIGS. 9 and 10 , the outer housing 1604″ of the mirror 1600″ has a solid or semi-solid back portion 1604 a″ and a solid, rigid peripheral side housing 1604 b″. In FIG. 9 , the flexible membrane 1602′ is shown in its relaxed state, and fluid is neither flowing out of, nor into the fluid chamber 1610′ of the mirror 1600″. Although, in FIG. 10 , fluid is depicted flowing out of the fluid chamber 1610′ of the mirror 1600″ through the fluid pipe 1606 in order to create the concave configuration of the mirror 1600″. As shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 , the solid or semi-solid back portion 1604 a″ of the mirror outer housing 1604″ may be convexly-shaped in order to accommodate the concave deformation of the front flexible membrane 1602′. A front view (top view) of the fluidic mirror of FIGS. 9 and 10 is shown in FIG. 11 . As shown in FIG. 11 , the outer housing 1604″ of the mirror 1600″ forms a circular restriction that houses the flexible membrane 1602′ therein.

A flexible parabolic or elliptical mirror 1600′″ is depicted in FIGS. 12 and 13 . As shown in the sectional side view of FIG. 13 , the flexible fluidic mirror 1600′″ comprises a flexible membrane 1602″ that has a concave configuration (i.e., similar to the circular mirror 1600″ described above with respect to FIG. 10 ). Also, similar to the mirrors 1600, 1600′, 1600″ described above, the flexible membrane 1602″ is supported in an outer housing 1604′″, and the flexible membrane 1602″ defines an internal fluid chamber 1610″ for receiving a fluid therein. Like the mirror 1600″ of FIGS. 9-11 , the outer housing 1604′″ of the mirror 1600′″ comprises a convexly-shaped solid, rigid back portion 1604 a′ and a solid, rigid peripheral side housing 1604 b′″. In FIG. 13 , fluid is depicted flowing out of the mirror 1600′ through the fluid pipe 1606, which is fluidly coupled to the flexible membrane 1602″, in order to create the concave/convex configuration of the mirror 1600′. Fluid may be injected into, or withdrawn from the fluid chamber 1610″ of the mirror flexible membrane 1602″ via the fluid pipe 1606, which is fluidly coupled to a fluid pump system (e.g., the fluid pump 1512 depicted in FIG. 5 may be fluidly connected to the fluid pipe 1606). A front view (top view) of the fluidic mirror of FIG. 13 is shown in FIG. 12 . As shown in FIG. 12 , the outer housing 1604′″ of the mirror 1600′″ forms an elliptical or oval-shaped restriction that houses the flexible membrane 1602″ therein.

The surfaces of the flexible membranes 1602, 1602′, 1602″ of the illustrative mirrors 1600, 1600′, 1600″, 1600′″ described above may be sprayed or coated with reflective nanoparticles that are capable of reflecting back the incoming light, such as nanoparticles of silver, iron, aluminum, zinc, gold, or another suitable metallic substance. Also, the surfaces of the flexible membranes 1602, 1602′, 1602″ may be sprayed, coated, or covered with a synthetic flexible reflective film to reflect the incoming light.

In one or more embodiments, the reflective coating or film disposed on the flexible membrane 1602, 1602′, 1602″ of the illustrative mirrors 1600, 1600′, 1600″, 1600′″ may comprise reflective nanoparticles painted on the flexible membrane or sprayed on the flexible membrane after a polymerizable substance is cured and a desired concave or convex shape of the flexible fluidic mirror is achieved (as will be described hereinafter).

The illustrative embodiments of FIGS. 6-11 depict the manner in which a fluidic pump system may be used to modify the configurations of the flexible membranes 1602, 1602′ of the circular mirrors 1600, 1600′, 1600″ so as to form a variety of different convex and concave configurations. The illustrative embodiment of FIGS. 12 and 13 depicts the manner in which a fluidic pump system also may be used to modify the configuration of the flexible membrane 1602″ of an elliptical or parabolic mirror 1600′″.

In the embodiments of FIGS. 6-13 , the mirror aspect of the lens is generally limited to the front surface of the flexible membranes 1602, 1602′, 1602″. As such, the transparency of the back surface of the flexible membranes 1602, 1602′, 1602″ is generally unimportant. However, the size of the fluid chambers 1610, 1610′, 1610″ of the mirror flexible membranes 1602, 1602′, 1602″ affects the ability to move the membranes 1602, 1602′, 1602″ from a high convexity to a high concavity position.

In one or more embodiments, the fluid disposed in the chambers 1610, 1610′, 1610″ of the flexible membranes 1602, 1602′, 1602″ of the fluidic mirrors 1600, 1600′, 1600″, 1600′ is in the form of a polymerizable substance so that the substance is capable of being cured after the fluidic mirrors 1600, 1600′, 1600″, 1600′ are formed into a desired concave or convex shape. That is, after a desired deformation of the surface of the flexible membrane 1602, 1602′, 1602″ by means of fluid insertion or withdrawal, the polymerizable substance in the fluid cavity 1610, 1610′, 1610″ may be hardened or cured so that a desired mirror shape is created. In one embodiment, the polymerizable substance (e.g., a silicone oil) disposed in the chamber of the flexible fluidic mirror may be cured by the application of at least one of: (i) ultraviolet radiation, and (ii) microwaves. In another embodiment, the polymerizable substance disposed in the chamber 1610, 1610′, 1610″ of the fluidic mirror 1600, 1600′, 1600″, 1600′ may comprise an initial liquid polymer and a chemical crosslinker initiator. In this embodiment, the fluidic mirror 1600, 1600′, 1600″, 1600′″ is fixed into the desired concave or convex shape by mixing the initial liquid polymer with the chemical crosslinker initiator so as to solidify the flexible membrane 1602, 1602′, 1602″ and achieve the desired curvature (i.e., to harden and fix the desired curvature).

In contrast to the fluidic mirror 1600, 1600′, 1600″, 1600′″ described above, the hybrid flexible fluidic lens that will be described hereinafter requires the fluid in the fluidic chamber of the lens to remain a liquid so that the hybrid flexible fluidic lens remains adjustable using the two different options of either fluidic adjustment or adjustment by an electromagnetic actuator. Also, as will be described hereinafter, both the front and back surfaces of the hybrid flexible fluidic lens are clear or transparent in order to allow light to pass therethrough.

In accordance with a second set of illustrative embodiments, a hybrid system that utilizes both a fluidic pump and an electrically induced magnet will be described with reference to FIGS. 14-17 . A hybrid, flexible concave/convex mirror or lens is depicted in the embodiments of FIGS. 14-17 . In general, in these illustrative embodiments, the control of the membrane deflection of the flexible concave/convex mirror or lens is capable of being done by two mechanisms. First of all, injection or withdrawal of the fluid from the fluid chamber of the mirror or lens is done using an electric fluid pump that is fluidly coupled to the fluid chamber of the mirror or lens via a fluid pipe or tube (e.g., the fluid pump 1512 depicted in FIG. 5 may be fluidly connected to the fluid pipe of the mirror or lens). The injection of fluid into the chamber creates a membrane with a convex surface, while the withdrawal of fluid from the chamber creates a membrane with a concave surface. Secondly, the front portion of the flexible membrane also may be under the control of a magnetic plate and actuator. Both the fluid-based and magnetic mechanisms are used by activating a sensor and a processor to achieve the desired dioptic power. The magnetic plate is capable of making the front surface of the mirror or lens membrane convex, but it is not capable of making it concave. As such, the fluidic pump system is needed to withdraw the fluid from the lens or mirror to create a concave surface. As will be described in more detail hereinafter, the motion of the frontal magnetic plate is controlled by the magnetic force generated by the electromagnetic located on the back surface of the flexible membrane or outer housing.

Advantageously, the magnetic system of the hybrid lens or mirror enables a fast refinement or adjustment of the mirror or lens. During this quick adjustment of the mirror or lens, the convexity of the flexible mirror or lens is controlled by a magnetic field generated by the magnetic system, while the valve member of the fluidic outflow tube is closed so as to prevent fluid flow through the tube. Then, an electric potential is applied to the solid plate behind the mirror or lens. By electrically increasing the magnetic field, the thin ferromagnetic plate attached on the front surface of the membrane moves backward, thus increasing the pressure in the fluidic lens. This magnetic force increases the pressure inside the mirror lens, which in turn, pushes the flexible membrane at the center of the mirror or lens forward so as to create a more convex central portion of the mirror or lens. By decreasing the magnetic field, the frontal thin magnetic plate is released, which in turn, reduces the fluidic pressure or force in the mirror or lens, and the flexible membrane of the mirror or lens retreats backwards, thereby decreasing the convexity of the flexible membrane (see e.g., FIG. 15 ).

Now, turning to FIGS. 14-17 , the illustrative embodiments of the hybrid mirror (or lens if the membrane is not provided with a reflective coating) will be described. Initially, as shown in the side sectional view of FIG. 15 , the hybrid mirror 1700 comprises a flexible membrane 1702 that is convex on the front side of the mirror. The flexible membrane 1702 of the hybrid mirror 1700 is supported in an outer housing 1704, and the flexible membrane 1702 and outer housing 1704 defines an internal fluid chamber 1710 for receiving a fluid therein. As shown in FIG. 15 , the back side of the hybrid mirror 1700 may comprise a solid or semi-solid transparent back portion 1716 (e.g., a transparent pane of glass) that does not deform as a result of fluid pressure exerted thereon. A fluid pipe or tube 1706 is fluidly coupled to the fluid chamber 1710 of the fluidic mirror 1700 so that the fluid may be injected into, or withdrawn from the fluid chamber 1710 by means of a fluid pump (e.g., the fluid pump 1512 depicted in FIG. 5 may be fluidly connected to the fluid pipe 1706). Also, referring again to FIG. 15 , it can be seen that the fluid pipe or tube 1706 comprises a valve 1708 disposed therein to selectively regulate the fluid flow through the fluid pipe 1706 (i.e., turn the fluid flow on or off). In addition, as illustrated in FIG. 15 , a ferromagnetic annular plate 1712 is provided on the front surface of the flexible membrane 1702 for altering the shape of the front portion of the flexible membrane 1702 (i.e., by making the front portion of the flexible membrane 1702 more or less convex in shape). An electromagnetic annular plate 1714 is provided on the back panel 1716 of the hybrid mirror 1700 that selectively attracts or repels the ferromagnetic annular plate 1712 on the front surface of the flexible membrane 1702 to make the flexible membrane 1702 more convex or less convex. The magnetic force (as diagrammatically represented by the magnetic flux lines 1718 in FIG. 15 ) exerted by the electromagnetic back plate 1714 on the ferromagnetic front plate 1712 is selectively controlled by regulating the electrical current flow to the electromagnetic annular plate 1714. In the embodiment of FIG. 15 , the fluid valve 1708 is shown in its closed position so that fine adjustments may be made to the convexity of the flexible membrane 1702 by the magnetic system 1712, 1714.

As shown in FIG. 14 , the outer housing 1704 of the hybrid mirror 1700 forms a circular restriction that houses the flexible membrane 1702 therein. Also, referring to FIG. 14 , it can be seen that the ferromagnetic annular plate or ring 1712 is attached to the front surface of the flexible membrane 1702 to regulate the convexity of the flexible membrane 1702. In one embodiment of FIGS. 14 and 15 , the front surface of the flexible membrane 1702 is provided with a reflective surface coating so that the flexible membrane 1702 functions as a mirror. Although, in one or more alternative embodiments of FIGS. 14 and 15 , the reflective surface coating may be omitted from the flexible membrane 1702, and the flexible membrane 1702 may be transparent instead so that the flexible membrane 1702 functions as a lens. When the flexible membrane 1702 functions as a lens, the transparent back portion 1716 of the housing 1704 allows light rays to pass through the back wall of the housing 1704.

The circular hybrid mirror 1700′ depicted in FIG. 17 is similar to that described above with regard to FIGS. 14 and 15 , except that the flexible membrane 1702′ has a concave front portion 1702 a′, rather than the convex configuration of FIGS. 14 and 15 . Also, unlike the hybrid mirror 1700 of FIGS. 14 and 15 , the hybrid mirror 1700′ of FIG. 17 is additionally provided with a flexible rear membrane portion 1702 b′. Similar to the hybrid mirror 1700 of FIGS. 14 and 15 , the hybrid mirror 1700′ comprises a magnetic adjustment system with a ferromagnetic annular plate or ring 1712 attached to the front surface of the front flexible membrane 1702 a′ and an electromagnetic annular plate 1714 attached to the back surface of the flexible rear membrane portion 1702 b′. In FIG. 17 , fluid is depicted flowing out of the fluid chamber 1710 of the mirror 1700′ through the fluid pipe 1706 in order to create the concave configuration of the mirror 1700′.

A front view (top view) of an alternative hybrid parabolic or elliptical mirror 1700″ is depicted in FIG. 16 . As shown in FIG. 16 , the hybrid parabolic or elliptical mirror 1700″ comprises an outer housing 1704′ that forms a rectangular restriction that houses the flexible membrane 1702″ therein. In addition, as depicted in FIG. 16 , the hybrid parabolic or elliptical mirror 1700″ comprises a ferromagnetic rectangular plate 1712′ attached to the front surface of the flexible membrane 1702″. A corresponding electromagnetic rectangular plate is provided on the back side of the housing 1704′ that selectively attracts or repels the ferromagnetic rectangular plate 1712′ on the front surface of the flexible membrane 1702″ to make the flexible membrane 1702″ more convex or less convex.

In one or more embodiments, if the flexible membrane is made flexible and transparent and the center of the back plate of the housing is also transparent (e.g., as shown in FIG. 15 ), the hybrid lens may also function as a refractive lens, a spherical fluidic lens, or astigmatic fluidic lens. Alternatively, if the flexible membrane is coated with reflective nanoparticles (as described above with respect to the flexible fluidic mirror of FIGS. 6-13 ), the hybrid system may be used as a mirror system.

In the illustrative embodiments of FIGS. 14-17 , the entire hybrid mirror or lens control system, which includes the fluidic pump (e.g., pump 1512 in FIG. 5 ) and the electromagnet that generates the magnetic field, is under control of a sensor (e.g., Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly 1510, as shown in FIG. 5 ), which is connected to the fluidic mirrors or lenses via a specially programmed computer (e.g., the data processing device 1516 depicted in FIG. 5 ) that focuses the images properly for the functions as described above. The operator may also manually take over the control of the lenses if used in glasses or in a camera, etc.

The hybrid system of FIGS. 14-17 combines a fluid-based mirror or lens system with an electromagnetic force-based system that compresses the membrane of the mirror or lens for making fine adjustments thereto. The fluid injection and withdrawal ability of the hybrid system enables the fluidic lenses to assume either a convex surface (i.e., to operate as a plus lens) or a concave surface (i.e., to operate as a minus lens).

In one or more embodiments, the fluidic portion of the system may provide corrections ranging from −30.00 diopters (D) to +30.00 diopters (D), or more diopters (D) power at a step of 0.1 diopters (D), while the compressive part may add further adjustability to the system by adding small step corrections of 0.001 diopters (D), all under the control of the Shack-Hartmann system (e.g., Shack-Hartmann system 1510 in FIG. 5 ). Thus, this system provides an extremely high resolution that conventional solid lenses cannot achieve. Presently, conventional solid lenses are capable of correcting the refractive power from −0.25 D to +0.25 D.

In one or more embodiments, the refractive power of the fluidic lenses are uniformly controlled by the Shack-Hartmann sensor as a result of the fluidic pump injecting or withdrawing the fluid from the lens chambers via a processor (i.e., a computing device with a microprocessor).

In one or more other embodiments, the control of the refractive power of the lenses is performed with a hybrid lens system and a Shack-Hartmann sensor by: (a) injecting or withdrawing of fluid in some lenses, and (b) in the remaining lenses of the system, using a compressive ring-shaped magnetic plate 1712 (e.g., see FIG. 14 ) or rectangular frame shaped magnetic plate 1712′ (e.g., see FIG. 16 ) located on the front (or alternatively on the back surface) of the fluidic lens. The compressive ring-shaped magnetic plate 1712 or the rectangular frame shaped magnetic plate 1712′ may be moved forward or backward by an electromagnet located in the frame or the fluidic lens, like a solenoid. When the magnet is activated, it attracts the magnetic ring 1712 or the rectangular plate 1712′, thereby compressing the internal lens fluid without causing the internal lens fluid to escape. The compression of the internal lens fluid forces the center of the lens membrane forward, thus making the curvature of the lens surface more or less convex, depending on the amount of force generated by the electromagnet. This force produces either a more convex spherical surface if the plate is ring-shaped or a more cylindrical lens if the restrictive plate is rectangular shaped.

In another embodiment, two (2) cylindrical lenses positioned forty-five (45) degrees from each other are activated with an electromagnetic force to compensate for astigmatic correction, while the spherical lens remains as a non-hybrid fluidic lens. The magnetically controlled cylindrical lenses, which perform correct cylindrical correction, together with the non-hybrid fluid spherical lens provides a complete hybrid combination lenses system and has the ability to provide collectively a refractive power of plus cylinder of 0.1-+10 D and a spherical correction of −30 D to +25 D or more diopters at any axis controlled by the Shack-Hartmann sensor through a processor (i.e., a computing device with a microprocessor).

This hybrid combination system, controlled by a sensor such as a Shack-Hartmann sensor, provides an automated camera which maintains the object in the focal plane at all times, regardless of the status of the object (i.e., whether it is still or in motion).

Other applications of the hybrid system may be used in a digital automatic recording camera, an endoscope, a surveillance camera, a motion picture camera, a military or a sport rifle, a remote controlled robotic system, an operating microscope, a perimetry unit used for evaluation of the visual field, a laboratory microscope, a lensometer, a system of two photon or multiphoton microscopy, confocal microscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), astronomical telescopes, etc. The hybrid system may also be used in other systems that are familiar in the art.

In one or more embodiments, the aforedescribed mirror (i.e., mirror 1600 or hybrid mirror 1700) may be equipped with a sensor that is capable of controlling the focal point of the fluidic mirror via a processor. The sensor may be a laser beam measuring the distance from an object to the mirror, the sensor may be a Shack-Hartmann sensor, or other means known in the art to focus and sharpen the image obtained by a telescope or focus the image on the object, such as in ophthalmic photography, or laser use in an elliptical mirror for the ophthalmology, etc.

It is readily apparent that the aforedescribed flexible fluidic mirror and hybrid system offer numerous advantages. First, the flexible fluidic mirror, which may be used as a concave mirror by adjusting the fluid amount therein, is generally easy and inexpensive to produce. In addition, the fluidic concave, elliptical, and parabolic mirrors described above are capable of being readily adjusted when needed, without requiring expensive movable parts. In particular, the refractive power of the surfaces of the inventive flexible fluidic mirrors described herein are capable of being easily adjusted so that the systems in which the fluidic mirrors are incorporated may be automated, and the images acquired by the systems may be automatically in focus when under the control of a sensor. Advantageously, the aforedescribed flexible fluidic mirrors may be easily produced for a wide variety of different applications, such as automobile industry side mirrors and telescope mirrors. Because these mirrors are easily adjustable, they are capable of being used to track a fast moving object. These mirrors also may be used for still photography, and for video applications. As described above, because the concave fluidic mirrors may also be elliptical or parabolic (e.g., see FIG. 12 ), they also may be effectively used in wide angle photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), angiography, etc. Also, the aforedescribed flexible fluidic mirrors may be utilized in ophthalmology for visualization, photography or laser treatment of retina, lens, or cornea lesions located on a surface area, etc. The flexible fluidic mirrors are also useful in remote laser systems, such as the remote laser-imaging systems described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,452,372, 8,903,468 and 9,037,217, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. For example, the solid, non-flexible elliptical mirror 220 in the wide angle camera of the remote laser-imaging systems described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,452,372, 8,903,468 and 9,037,217, may be replaced with the flexible fluidic mirror described herein.

In addition, the fluidic mirrors 1600, 1700 described herein may be used in other applications requiring concave surfaces in ophthalmology that conventionally employ fixed surfaces, such as in corneal topography equipment used for external imaging, or for three dimensional (3D) eye imaging devices that use rotating cameras. The mirrors in this type of equipment are used for doing perimetry to evaluate the visual field of a patient, or for doing electrophysiolgic evaluation of the retina (ERG) electroretinogram, or visual evoked potential (VEP) for evaluation of the function of the retina, optic nerve and the occipital brain cortex, in numerous diseases including traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), Alzheimer's disease, etc.

Next, turning to FIGS. 18 a-18 c and 19-21, the illustrative embodiments of the fluidic light field camera will be described. As will be described hereinafter, the digital light field photography (DLFP) camera includes microlenses that capture the information about the direction of the incoming light rays and a photosensor array that is disposed behind the microlenses. A specially programmed data processing device (e.g., a computer) is used to process the information obtained from the light field camera.

In one or more embodiments, the light field digital camera or digital light field photography (DIFLFP) camera comprises one or more fluidic optical element(s) as the objective lens providing a variable field of view for the camera. In one embodiment, a series of microlenses may be located at the focal point of the objective lens in a flat plane perpendicular to the axial rays of the objective lens. These microlenses separate the incoming rays of light entering the camera into individual small bundles. The individual small bundles of light are refracted on a series of light sensitive sensors that measure in hundreds of megapixels, which are located behind the plane of the microlenses, thereby converting the light energy into electrical signals. The electronically generated signals convey information regarding the direction of each light ray, view, and the intensity of each light ray to a processor or a computer. Each microlens has some overlapping view and perspective from the next one which can be retraced by an algorithm.

In one or more embodiments, the light sensitive sensors behind the lenslets of the camera record the incoming light and forward it as electrical signals to the camera's processor and act as an on/off switch for the camera's processor measuring the intensity of the light through its neuronal network and its algorithm to record changes in light intensity, while recording any motion or dynamic displacement of an object or part of an object in front of the camera in a nanosecond to a microsecond of time. The processor of the camera with its neuronal network algorithm processes the images as the retina and brain in a human being functions by finding the pattern in the data and its dynamic changes of the image and its trend over a very short period of time (e.g., nanosecond). The information is stored in the memory system of the camera's processor, as known in the art, as memory resistor (memristor) relating to electric charge and magnetic flux linkage, which can be retrieved immediately or later, and further analyzed by mathematical algorithms of the camera.

In one or more embodiments, the light field camera may have either a tunable lens or a fluidic lens that will be described hereinafter. If a tunable lens is utilized, the tunable lens may be in the form of a shape-changing polymer lens (e.g., an Optotune® lens), a liquid crystal lens, an electrically tunable lens (e.g., using electrowetting, such as a Varioptic® lens). Alternatively, the preferred fluidic lens, which affords a wide range of adjustability with a simple membrane structure, described hereinafter may be used in the light field camera.

In one or more illustrative embodiments of the light field camera using a fluidic lens, the digital in-focus, light field photography (DIFLFP) camera provides a variable field of view and variable focal points from the objective tunable lens, in one second to a millisecond, from an object located just in front of the objective lens to infinity, as the light rays pass through a microlens array in the back of the camera and a layer of sensors made of light sensitive quantum dots, which along with microlens layer, create a concave structure (refer to FIG. 19 ). As such, the lens generates more light and signal information from variable focal points of the flexible fluidic lens that are capable of being used by a software algorithm of a processor so as to produce 2-3-4D images in real-time or video. The generated images reduce the need for loss of light, which occur in refocusing the rays in standard light field cameras, but use the direction and intensity of light rays to obtain a sharp image from any distance from the lens surface to infinity, thereby producing in one cycle of changing the focal point of a tunable or hybrid fluidic objective lens of the camera electronically, or using simultaneously a microfluidic pump creating a maximum convexity in the lens to least amount and return. FIGS. 18 a-18 c illustrate the varying focal point 1808 that may be achieved by the fluidic digital light field photography (DIFLFP) camera. In FIG. 18 a , the image of the object located outside is focused on the plane of the microlens array and the light rays 1806 are stimulating different sensors 1812 located in the back of the microlens array 1810. Changes in the configuration of the light rays 1806 are produced by decreasing or increasing the amount of the fluid injected into the chamber of the fluidic objective lens 1804 via the fluid pipe 1802, thereby producing a change in the focal point 1808 and the configuration of the light rays 1806 in the camera and their recording pattern focal in the DIFLFP camera. In FIG. 18 b , the image of the object located outside is focused behind the plane of the microlens array 1810, while in FIG. 18 c , the image of the object located outside is focused in front of the plane of the microlens array 1810. FIG. 19 illustrates the curved plane of the microlens array 1814 and sensor array 1816 that slopes upward to capture the side rays coming from the periphery of the fluidic objective lens, according to one embodiment of the fluidic light field camera.

Another exemplary fluidic light field camera 1818 is illustrated in FIG. 20 . As shown in this figure, fluidic light field camera 1818 includes a concave sensor array 1820, a concave microlens array 1822 disposed in front of the concave sensor array 1820, and a fluidic or tunable lens 1824 disposed in front of the concave sensor and microlens arrays 1820, 1822. In FIG. 20 , it can be seen that the sensor array 1820 is operatively coupled to one or more processors 1834 and/or one or more computers 1836 for processing the image data acquired from the sensor array 1820. In the illustrative embodiment, the fluidic or tunable lens 1824 of the fluidic light field camera 1818 may be in the form of a hybrid fluidic lens that is capable of changing from plus to minus diopters, which may include a secondary electromagnetic system for fine tuning of lens 1824 that is provided in addition to the primary fluidic system used for the coarse adjustments of the lens 1824. A pump 1828, which is connected to inlet pipe 1830, is provided for aspiration and injection of a fluid into the fluidic lens 1824 in order to change the shape of the fluidic lens 1824. Also, as shown in FIG. 20 , a fluid control device 1826, which contains an actuator driven by a servomotor or piezoelectric system, is provided between the pump 1828 and fluidic lens 1824. In addition, in FIG. 20 , it can be seen that a valve 1832 is provided between the pump 1828 and the fluid control device 1826. When the valve 1832 is closed, a constant amount of the fluid is maintained in the fluid control system, thus allowing minor adjustments to be made to the shape of the lens 1824 using the fluid control device 1826 (i.e., the linear actuator in the fluid control device 1826 is driven up or down by the servomotor or piezoelectric system so as to change the fluid containment volume of the fluid control device 1826, and thus change the volume of fluid in the fluidic lens 1824). Rather than using the fluid control device 1826 to minor adjustments to the shape of the lens 1824, minor adjustments may also be made to the shape of the lens 1824 using a secondary electromagnetic system (i.e., when the valve 1832 is closed). The valve 1832 is open when the pump 1828 is being used to increase or decrease the volume of fluid in the chamber of the fluidic lens 1824.

Yet another exemplary fluidic light field camera 1838 is illustrated in FIG. 21 . Similar to the fluidic light field camera 1818 described above with respect to FIG. 20 , fluidic light field camera 1838 of FIG. 21 includes a concave sensor array 1840, a concave microlens array 1842 disposed in front of the concave sensor array 1840, and a fluidic or tunable lens 1846 disposed in front of the concave sensor and microlens arrays 1840, 1842. As described above for the camera of FIG. 20 , it can be seen that the sensor array 1840 in FIG. 21 is operatively coupled to one or more processors 1850 and/or one or more computers 1852 for processing the image data acquired from the sensor array 1840. Unlike the camera 1818 described above, the fluidic objective lens 1846 comprises a single flexible membrane mounted in an opening defined by a rigid outer wall 1848 of the fluidic light field camera 1838. The fluid chamber of the camera 1838 is open to the space containing the sensor array 1840 and the microlens array 1842 in the camera 1838, and a fluid control device 1844 (e.g., in the form of a servomotor or piezoelectric system driving a piston) that is used to pressurize or depressurize the fluid chamber so as to displace the flexible membrane 1846 accordingly. In the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 21 , a needle, for injection and withdrawing of the fluid from the chamber, may be placed inside the chamber behind the membrane 1846 to move the membrane 1846 forward and backward at any place.

In the embodiments described herein, the fluid described in conjunction with the fluidic lens broadly refers to any type of fluid, such as air or a liquid. Also, in the embodiments described herein, the light rays entering the fluidic light field camera may comprise any wavelength of light (e.g., from ultraviolet to infrared).

In one or more embodiments, the fluidic lens is dynamic because the plane of the image inside the camera moves forward or backward with each electric pulse applied to the piezoelectric or a microfluidic pump motor transmitting a wave of fluid flow inside or aspirating the fluid from the lens cavity so that the membrane returns to the original position, thereby creating either a more or less a convex lens, or a minus lens when the back side has a glass plate with a concave shape.

In one embodiment, the lens of the light field camera is only a flexible transparent membrane that covers the opening of the camera's cavity in which the fluid or air is injected or removed so as to create a convex or concave surface using a simple piezoelectric attachment that can push the wall of the camera locally inward or outward thereby forcing the transparent membrane that acts like a lens to be convex or concave and changes in the focal point from a few millimeters (mm) to infinity and return while all data points are recorded and analyzed by its software.

In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens, the light rays entering the camera pass through the microlenses located in the back of the camera directly to the sensors made of nanoparticles, such as quantum dots (QDs) made of graphene, etc.

In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens, the camera obtains a subset of signals from the right or left side of the microlens and sensor array separately to reconstruct the 3-D image from the information.

In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens, the fluidic lens converts the light rays focused either anterior or posterior of the focal plane of the microlens/sensor plane to electrical signals, which are transmitted to the camera's processor with the software algorithm loaded thereon so that the images may be displayed as static 2-D or 3-D multispectral or hyperspectral images or so that a tomographic image or a video of a moveable object may be created.

In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens, the right or left portion of the sensors are capable of displaying from either a slightly anterior or posteriorly located focal point to the microlens, thereby providing more depth to the image without losing the light intensity of the camera, as is the case with the standard light field camera having a static objective lens or a static membrane, which is entirely dependent on producing a virtual image obtained from a fixed focal point.

In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens, a prismatic lens may be disposed between the microlens array and the sensors so that individual wavelengths may be separated to produce color photography or multispectral images including the infrared or near infrared images.

In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens, the process of focusing and defocusing collects more light rays that may be used to create 2D or 3D or 4D images.

In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens, the fluidic lens can change its surface by injecting and withdrawing the fluid from the lens and returning to its original shape in a time range of one second to less than a millisecond, thereby allowing the light rays to be recorded that pass through a single row or multiple rows of microlenses before reaching the sensor layer of quantum dots or monolayer of graphene or any semiconductor nanoparticles that absorb the light energy and convert it to an electrical signal.

In one or more embodiments of the light field camera, the flexible transparent membrane can change its surface by injecting and withdrawing the fluid/air from the cameras cavity and returning to its original shape in a time range of one second to less than a millisecond, thereby allowing the light rays to be recorded that pass through a single row or multiple rows of microlenses before reaching the sensor layer of quantum dots or monolayer of graphene or any semiconductor nanoparticles that absorb the light energy and convert it to an electrical signal.

In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens, by pumping fluid in the fluidic microlens system, the field of the view of the lens is expanded and returns to its original position upon its relaxation. During this period of time, the light rays that have entered the system have passed through a series of microlenses which project the rays on a layer of photosensors (see e.g., FIGS. 18 a-18 c ) to become stimulated, thereby creating an electrical current traveling to a processor or computer with a software algorithm loaded thereon to analyze and create a digital image from the outside world. In one or more embodiments, the microlens array of the fluidic lens may include a pluggable adaptor.

In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens, the microlenses and the layer of sensors extend outward so as to create a concave structure inside the camera (see FIGS. 19-21 ), thereby permitting the incoming light rays of the peripheral field of view to be projected on the peripherally located microlens and sensors of the camera so as to be absorbed and transferred to the processor with the algorithm loaded thereon, which mathematically analyzes, manipulates, and records the light data so as to provide a combination of signals that shows the direction from which the rays emanated.

In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens, the microlens array is in the form of graded-index (GRIN) lens array so as to provide excellent resolution.

In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens or transparent flexible membrane, the microlens array is separated from another smaller nanosized lenses array attached to a filter, followed by the sensors to differentiate the color wavelength.

In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens, the deformable objective lens, by changing its lens refractive power, its field of view, and its focus, transmits significantly more information, in one millisecond cycle, to the computer than a single static lens or simple lensless membrane with compressive sensing without microlenses is capable of doing, but also maintains more signals in its unlimited focal points sufficient data that is able to be easily reproduced or refocused instantaneously or later by the camera's software algorithms so as to create sharp images in 2-3 dimensions or 4 dimensions. However, the exposure time can be prolonged or shortened, as needed, by repeating the cycle of recording from less than one Hertz to >30 Hertz to thousands of Hertz or more enough for cinematography while the light rays pass through unlimited focal points of the lens back and forth of the sensors to the back of the lens covering a long distance from, a few mm to infinity achieving fast sharp images by retracing and mathematical reconstruction as compared to a photo taken from a camera with a solid fixed objective lens.

In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens, the signals also can be analyzed by the algorithm of the computer located outside the camera for any object that is photographed at any given distance.

In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens, the camera's processor or a computer can retrace the rays toward any direction of the light rays, thereby simultaneously eliminating refractive aberrations or motion blur while the light is focused over any distance before or beyond the focal point of the lens using the computer software.

In one or more embodiments, the fluidic light field camera will provide an immense amount of data during the short period of time that the lens membrane is displaced as a result of pumping fluid inside the system and withdrawing it, the forward and backward movement creating three dimensional images with depth of focus, which are easily recreated without sacrificing the resolution of the image or need for “focus bracketing” to extend the re-focusable range by capturing 3 or 5 consecutive images at different depths as is done in standard light field cameras with the complete parameterization of light in space as a virtual hologram.

In one or more embodiments, the objective lens of the digital light field photography (DIFLFP) camera is a fluidic lens in which the power of the lens varies from −3.00 to +30.00 dioptric power depending on the amount of fluid either injected or withdrawn with a micro-pump into the fluidic lens with an aperture of 2 to 10 millimeters (mm) or more.

In one or more embodiments, the objective lens is a liquid or tunable lens, such as an electrically and mechanically tunable lens controlling the focal length of the lens.

In one or more embodiments, the tunable lens is a liquid crystal, and molecules of the liquid crystal are capable of being rearranged using an electric voltage signal.

In one or more embodiments, the digital light field photography (DIFLFP) camera utilizes a hybrid lens, as described in Applicant's U.S. Pat. No. 9,671,607, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In such a hybrid lens, the increase or decrease of the fluid in the fluidic lens chamber occurs electronically with either a servo motor, or a piezoelectric system for a rapid response.

In one or more embodiments, the DIFLFP camera system obtains image and depth information at the same time.

In one or more embodiments, during the photography, the increase or decrease of the fluid in the fluidic lens is done in a high frequency changing the focal plane of the fluidic lens during the time which a million or billion light rays are sensed and recorded for analysis.

In one or more embodiments, the rays of the light are collected from a wide concave surface of the sensor arrays located behind hundreds of thousands of microlenses that curve up in the back of the camera during the change in the focal point of the fluidic lens, which also creates a wider field of view, producing millions to billions of electronic pulses from which the sharp wide field images or videos are reconstructed by the specially programmed computer in a 2-3-4 dimensional manner from the objects at any desired distance in the field of view without losing the sharpness of the image.

In one or more embodiments, the DIFLFP camera captures light from a wider field that increases or decreases the field of view rather than fixed objective lenses or compressive cameras with their assembly apertures.

In one or more embodiments, the objective lens is a composite lens of fluidic and a solid lens, a diffractive lens or a liquid crystal coating with electronic control of its refractive power.

In one or more embodiments, the microlenses are replaced with transparent photosensors where the sensors directly communicate with the processor and software algorithm to build desired images.

In one or more embodiments, the solid lens is located behind the flexible membrane of the fluidic lens or inside the fluidic lens providing a wider field of view and higher magnification.

In one or more embodiments, the additional lens can be a convex or a concave lens to build a Galilean or astronomical telescope.

In one or more embodiments, the lens is replaced with a flexible membrane that is capable of moving forward or backward and having on its surface a two dimensional aperture assembly providing a wider field of view when the lens becomes more convex pushing the membrane's surface forward than the standard lensless light field cameras.

In still one or more further embodiments, the objective lens of the light field camera is only a transparent flexible membrane supported by the outer housing of the camera's cavity, or housing defining the camera's chamber which receives a fluid therein (e.g., air or another gas) through a cannula. When the fluid is injected in the camera's cavity, the flexible transparent membrane bulges out acting as convex lens, and when the fluid is withdrawn from the camera's cavity, the membrane becomes a flat transparent surface, then assumes a concave shape and acts as a minus lens when the light passes through it to reach the lenslets and the sensors in the back of the fluidic field camera that are connected to a processor.

In one or more embodiments of the DIFLFP camera, there are numerous microlenses in the focal plane of the liquid lens.

In one or more embodiments, the microlenses are 3-D printed to less than 1 micrometer in diameter, lens structure, and are nanolenses of less than 10 nanometers (nm).

In one or more embodiments, the microlenses are 3-D printed from silicone, or any other transparent polymer.

In one or more embodiments, the sensors are 3-D printed and placed in the camera.

In one or more embodiments, the camera wall is 3-D printed.

In one or more embodiments, the two dimensional microlens plane ends slightly forward forming a concave plane to capture more light from the peripheral objective lens surfaces areas of the liquid lens as it moves forward and backward.

In one or more embodiments, the plane of the sensor array follows the curvature of the forwardly disposed microlens plane for building a concave structure (refer to FIGS. 19-21 ).

In one or more embodiments of the DIFLFP camera, the light sensors obtain information on the direction and light intensity from a wide field of view.

In one or more embodiments, the sensors provide electronic pulse information to a processor or a computer, equipped with a software algorithm to produce desired sharp monochromatic or color 2-4D images.

In one or more embodiments, the computer is powerful enough to obtain a million or billion bits of information, having a software algorithm to provide images from any object located in the field of view before or behind a photographed object ranging from a very short distance from the objective lens surface to infinity.

In one or more embodiments of the DIFLFP camera, the computer and its software algorithm is capable of producing 2-3-4 dimensional sharp images, with desired magnification, and in color form, for any object located in front of the camera.

In one or more embodiments, the camera can provide an instant video in a 2-3D image projected on an LCD monitor located in the back of the camera.

In one or more embodiments, the photos or videos captured using the camera are sent electronically via the internet to another computer using the GPU system, etc.

In one or more embodiments, using DIFLFP live video, time-related images can be presented in the fourth dimension with real-time high speed processing. To achieve high speed processing, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a programmable logic chip or field programmable gate array (FPGAs) may be provided along with a high-performance processor as VLIW (Very Long Instruction Word) core and a digital signal processor (DSP) microprocessor.

In one or more embodiments, the DIFLFP camera is used for visualization of a live surgery that can be projected in 3-4D using the fluidic lens light field camera in the operating microscope that is simultaneously projected back onto the ocular lenses of the operating microscope or used in robotic surgery of brain, heart, prostate, knee or any other organ with robotic surgery, electronic endoscope system, 3D marking in laser processing systems, barcode scanning, automated inspection with a distance sensor, in neuroscience research, documenting the nerves or in retinal photography where the eye cannot be exposed to the light for a long time or when long exposure time is needed in low light photography, or variable spot size in light emitting diode (LED) lighting.

In one or more embodiments, the DIFLFP camera has a distance sensor controlling the initial start of the image focused on a certain object in the field of DIFLFP field and can be used in macro or microphotography and having a liquid crystal display (LCD) touch screen.

In one or more embodiments, the wavefront phase and the distance from the object is calculated by the software measuring the degree of focusing required for two rays to focus.

In one or more embodiments, the DIFLFP camera is used for the creation of augmented reality and virtual reality.

In one or more embodiments, the DIFLFP camera is used with additional lenses in tomographic wavefront sensors, measuring amplitude and phase of the electromagnetic field.

In one or more embodiments, the DIFLFP camera can generate stereo-images for both eyes of the user to see objects stereoscopically.

In one or more embodiments, the DIFLFP camera is equipped with an auto sensor to focus on a moving object, such as in sport activities or in dynamic facial recognition.

In a further embodiment, one uses fluidic lenses to replace solid lenses. These tunable lenses are either made of semi-solid compressive transparent polymers so that their surface curvature deforms when mechanical pressure is applies to the lens or they are made of two fluids with different indexes of refraction so that the curvature of the surface can be changed due to an electrical charge applied to it. The other fluidic lens, as described by Peyman in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,993,399, 8,409,278, 9,016,860, 9,191,568, 9,671,607, and 10,133,056, the disclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth in their entirety herein. Basically, it is a flexible transparent polymeric membrane, that covers a cavity surrounded by a fixed structure having either a circular or rectangular opening and the cavity is filled with a transparent fluid that produces a convex/concave lens or astigmatic fluidic lenses depending on the fluid amount injected or withdrawn from the cavity. The change occurs by pumping a fluid inside the lens cavity or removing it creating a convex or concave surface producing either a spherical or astigmatic lens plus or minus lens (refer to U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,993,399, 8,409,278, 9,016,860, 9,191,568, 9,671,607, and 10,133,056).

In one embodiment, the opening of the cavity is circular and the membrane creates a plus or minus spherical lens, and if the opening is made rectangular it creates a plus or minus astigmatic lens. The combination of one spherical and two astigmatic lenses positioned 45 degree from each other creates a universal combination lens, and when combined with a processor, and its algorithm can correct the refractive power of each eye via a software controlling the pumping system of the lenses, from +15.00 D to −15.00 D at steps of 0.1 power and +8.00 D to −8.00 D power at steps of 0.1 power of astigmatism for each eye separately, and for any given distance or focal point that the person is looking at, and for any location in front of the eye. The mechanism of correcting automatically, the shape of the lenses is achieved rapidly by directing a light, e.g., near infrared (IR) or IR diode laser producing a non-toxic dose of light to each eye independently via a prism or a mirror (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,409,278). The wavefront of light is then reflected from the eye back through the pupil coming from the retina as it passes through the fluidic lenses while the eye is looking at a real image or virtual image. A part of the reflected light then is diverted via a dichroic mirror to a Shack-Hartmann system (see e.g., FIG. 23 ) and the rest reaches the object of view. The diverted light that goes to the Shack-Hartmann sensor passes through Shack-Hartmann lenslets, and indicates the degree or the shape of the refractive errors of the eye. This information is in turn communicated to a processor that controls the amount of the fluid in each fluidic lenses that is needed to correct the refractive power of each of the fluidic lenses, automatically, for the eye to see the object in focus regardless of where the eyes focuses on an image or an object located in front of the eye; focusing on the near or far or in between, etc. As described hereinafter, a similar result is achieved using magnets and activating them simultaneously or selectively to exert a compressive force and change the shape of a prismatic plate or cause extrusion of the part of a ball through the circular or rectangular opening in the second plate. In an automatic fashion, an eye tracker can move the position of the lenses to the direction of the eye movement. This system provides emmetropic vision automatically for the eyes at any distance from the eye or location, thus eliminating a problem that would contribute to disparity of the stereoscopic visual perception.

FIGS. 22 and 23 illustrate a further embodiment of the present invention. In particular, FIG. 22 illustrates a virtual reality headset 1901 on a person, the virtual reality headset 1901 configured to create an artificial environment and/or immersive environment for the person. As shown in FIG. 22 , the virtual reality headset 1901 includes a pair of fluidic lenses 1902 disposed between the respective eyes of the person and a screen 1903 of the virtual reality headset 1901, the fluidic lenses 1902 each having a chamber that receives a fluid therein, and the fluidic lenses 1902 configured to correct the refractive errors of the eyes of the person.

In particular, FIG. 23 illustrates the refractive error correction system 1900 that is utilized in conjunction with the fluidic lenses 1902 disposed in the virtual reality (VR) headset 1901 of FIG. 22 . The refractive error correction system 1900 may also be used with an augmented reality (AR) headset. As shown in FIG. 23 , the refractive error correction system 1900 generally comprises at least one fluidic lens 1902 disposed between the light source 1928 of the VR or AR headset and the eye 1926 of the person wearing the VR or AR headset; a pump 1906 operatively coupled to the at least one fluidic lens 1902, the pump 1906 configured to insert an amount of the fluid into the chamber of the at least one fluidic lens 1902, or remove an amount of the fluid from the chamber of the at least one fluidic lens 1902, in order to change the shape of at least one fluidic lens 1902 in accordance with the amount of fluid therein; and a Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly 1914 operatively coupled to the pump 1906 via a data processor and control wiring 1912, the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly 1914 by means of the pump 1906 configured to automatically control the amount of the fluid in the chamber of the at least one fluidic lens 1902, thereby automatically correcting the refractive errors of the eye 1926 of the person wearing the VR or AR headset.

Referring again to FIG. 23 , it can be seen that the light emanating from the light source 1928 of the VR or AR headset is diverted around the holographic optical element or diffractive lens 1920 by means of dichroic mirrors or prisms 1922 until the light 1924 enters the eye 1926 of the person wearing the VR or AR headset. In FIG. 23 , it can be seen that a portion 1918 of the light entering the eye 1926 is reflected back from the eye 1926 and initially through the holographic optical element or diffractive lens 1920 and then subsequently through the holographic optical element or diffractive lens 1916 until reaching the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly 1914. Based on the reflected light 1918, the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly 1914 controls the action of the servomotor 1910 of the pump 1906, and thus, the amount of fluid that is added to, or removed from, the fluidic lens 1902 automatically.

In the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 23 , the fluidic lens 1902 comprises a flexible fluidic membrane that is disposed within a rigid outer housing 1904. The pump 1906 on the illustrative embodiment comprises a pump membrane 1908 that is driven up or down by the servomotor 1910 in order to add or remove fluid from the chamber of the fluidic lens 1902.

A detail view of the pump 1906 that is used in the refractive error correction system 1900 of FIG. 23 is depicted in FIG. 24 . In FIG. 24 , the servomotor 1910 drives the pump 1906 so as to add or remove fluid from the chamber of the fluidic lens 1902.

In one embodiment, the accommodation of the lenses can be addressed by having a layer of liquid crystal that responds by activating the molecular position of the liquid crystal increasing their index of refraction as needed for near vision under an electrical current.

In one embodiment, the lenses are soft compressive polymeric lenses that can be compressed or decompressed via an electrical pulse to make them more or less convex when protruding through the second plate with a circular hole in it.

In another embodiment, the lenses can be made using a combination of two fluids with different indexes of refraction and their interface can create a positive or negative surface by changing the electrostatic potential between both surfaces using electrical pulses, though they have the shortcoming of not correcting the astigmatic aberrations.

In one embodiment, one can eliminate the problems of muscular fatigue during convergence by separating the images 2008, 2010 of each eye 2002, 2004 using various prisms 2006 as shown in FIG. 25A. In FIG. 25A, the left and right images 2008, 2010 are projected via a series of prisms 2006 that ultimately are perpendicular to either the right or left eye 2002, 2004. In FIG. 25B, the images are projected using various flat or concave prisms 2012 over a screen 2014 that are seen by the eye separately, similar to an IMAX 3-D movie theater. FIG. 25C depicts a spherical fluidic lens 2016 or tunable lens and two astigmatic cylindrical fluidic lenses 2018 that can be adjusted via a pump to correct refractive errors of an eye looking at any distance, and may be used in the system of FIG. 25B. FIGS. 25D and 25E depict an alternative system to FIG. 25C that uses transitional pinhole lenses to correct the refractive power of the lenses for any distance, and the images are projected in the eye perpendicular to the eye's position once the person has the goggles on, regardless of which direction he or she moves his or her head and the refractive error of the eye is corrected automatically with the fluidic lenses described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,409,278, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth in its entirety herein. Alternatively, the images may be projected onto a screen in front of the eyes (as shown in FIG. 25B). In FIGS. 25D and 25E, the transitional lenses 2020 have virtually no shading for minimal light conditions, the transitional lenses 2022 have some shading for moderate light conditions, and the transitional lenses 2024 have heavy shading for strong light conditions. The transitional lens 2026 has a different shape than the transitional lenses 2020, 2022, 2024. The transitional lenses 2020, 2022, 2024, 2026 have no pigment in their pin hole central apertures 2028, and may be in form of solid or fluidic lenses.

In one embodiment, the virtual reality (VR) lens is made to function like a pin hole (e.g., as shown in FIG. 25D). In this embodiment, the lenses 2020, 2022, 2024, 2026 may have a central hole 2028 and the peripheral part of the lens is made with transitional lenses that respond to light and create a virtual hole in the center where all the light rays entering the eye are in focus eliminating the need for any refractive modification of the VR lens.

In one embodiment, the VR lens is made to function like a pin hole by creating at least two concentric peripheral zones, and an inner central zone defining a visual axis. The polymeric material in the peripheral zones contains at least one light-activated chromophore that darkens when activated by light, the chromophore is dispersed in or on the outer surface of the lens polymeric material, distributed in substantially concentric circles outward from the central area, and uniformly increasing in concentration from the central area to the outer periphery; the central zone lacking the chromophore, or containing a chromophore that does not absorb visible light, or containing a chromophore at a minimal to zero concentration (see FIGS. 25D and 25E).

In one embodiment, the pinhole lens is made of two composite polymeric lenses, which includes a larger outer lens part with chromophore and a smaller central lens part of 1-4 mm that does not have the chromophore. The smaller lens is able to fit inside the larger lens. Alternatively, the inner part of the lens is a simply a dark tube, and functions as a pinhole that fits inside the outer part of the lens.

In one embodiment, the center of the lens is just a hole of 1-4 mm in diameter and has no lens whereas the peripheral portion has chromophores that change the color and the transmission of light depending on the density of the chromophores from light to very dark leaving the central area free through which the light passes.

In one embodiment, the pinhole arrangement of the VR lens eliminates the optical aberrations of the eye and also eliminates the need for accommodation or convergence.

In one embodiment, if the need for convergence of one or another eye exists, one can use a fluidic prism in front of one or both eyes to correct for the pre-existing deviation, such as micro-strabismus <10 prism diopter (PD) or frank strabismus where the prism is made from a clear glass or polycarbonate, acrylic, stick-on Fresnel lens, etc. transparent to the visible and infrared light. In general, FIGS. 26A-26J illustrate the construction of a tunable or fluid prism. FIGS. 26A and 26B show two circular transparent plates 2030, 2032 of any size. FIG. 26C shows that the upper plate 2030 may have a magnetic material 2034 (e.g., iron) at its edges and the lower plate 2032 may have a series of electromagnets 2036 that can be activated independently or collectively via a data processor with appropriate software executed thereby. The balloon or the flexible transparent ball depicted in FIG. 26D is a transparent balloon 2038 made of silicone or another transparent elastic polymer which can be filled with a fluid (e.g., water or other transparent liquid) via a tube 2039 that can be connected to a pump, or is a transparent ball made of a transparent polymer. FIGS. 26E, 26F and 26G illustrate side views of a tunable prism 2040 showing unactivated or activated electromagnets 2042 electrically tilting the first or superior plate 2044 to one or the other side, thus creating a prismatic effect for the light passing through it. FIG. 26I illustrates side views of a similar tunable prism 2046 where the tunable prism is not activated in the first side view, the tunable prism 2046 is minimally activated in the second side view, and the tunable prism 2046 is further activated in the third side view. In the case of the flexible ball, all electrodes of the second plate are activated to collectively push the transparent polymer through a circular or rectangular hole, thus creating a spherical or astigmatic lens. FIGS. 26H and 26J show an alternative system. In FIGS. 26H and 26J, a central hole 2048 is cut in the second plate (i.e., the bottom plate 2050) through which the balloon 2052 protrudes outside the plate (as depicted in FIG. 26J) when the pressure inside the balloon 2052 is increased by the pump or by activating all the electromagnets 2042 simultaneously to compress the plates 2050, 2051 against each other. FIGS. 27A, 27B, and 27C show a circular opening 2048 in the back plate 2050 through which the balloon 2052 can protrude, thereby creating a tunable prismatic lens depending on the pressure applied to the balloon 2052 by a pump 2053. Similarly, FIGS. 27D and 27E show a rectangular opening 2054 in the back plate 2050 through which the balloon 2052 can protrude, thereby creating a tunable prismatic lens depending on the pressure applied to the balloon 2052. FIGS. 27F and 27G show the position of two superimposed tunable cylinders and tunable prisms 2056, 2058 located 45 degrees from each other that can be activated by a data processor with appropriate software, thereby creating a universal tunable astigmatic and tunable prism. In general, the prisms are solid triangular structures refracting the incoming light depending on the apex of the prism and its acuteness determines the prism's power (A), thus creating the displacement of the light rays (e.g., a displacement of one centimeter for a distance of one meter), and the light always deviates toward the base of the prism. The prisms are used to treat limited squints or strabismus that cause deviation of the eye caused by imbalance between the horizontal muscles or vertical eye muscles, or oblique muscles puling the eye toward one or the other direction. In general, coordination of the muscles between the two eyes is needed for both eyes to see an object simultaneously and prevent double vision. The simplest cooperation can be disturbed when objects are close to the eye requiring each eye to converge from their normal parallel position. The convergence is also associated simultaneously with an increase in the thickness of both crystalline lenses of the eye, the so called accommodation to focus at a near object (e.g. reading that is about 1-3 diopters). The function of convergence if not coordinated with the accommodation produces a commonly seen problem called strabismus or squint in children, such as in the esotropia, in which one eye more or less permanently turns in and with time loses its function (amblyopia) in order to prevent double vision. The external prisms are used by the ophthalmologist to measure the correct strabismus. Thus far, all prisms have static power (e.g., one to ten to twenty or more prism power). There is no known tunable prism.

In one embodiment, the fluidic or tunable prism is made of a flexible, transparent balloon 2038 located between two transparent plates made of glass, polycarbonate, etc. (e.g., see FIGS. 26E-26J). The function of the prismatic lens is always controlled electrically whereas the balloon 2038 displacement inside the hole 2048 in the second plate 2050 is done by a pump and the flexible ball is controlled only electronically. The balloon 2038 has an access to a tube 2039 through which the balloon 2038 can be filled with a fluid (e.g., air) or any other transparent liquid to be shaped like a basketball (i.e., round) or oval (i.e., like an American football), and the connection can be separated if needed without creating a leak when filled up with either gas, water, with or without electrolytes, silicone, or laser fluid having a specific index of refraction or the index of refraction is more than one or equal to one as the air, etc. or the balloon 2038 can be made from a soft transparent polymer, such as silicone or hydrogel, with a desired index of refraction, etc. The balloon 2038 is placed between two transparent plates. The first plate 2044 is moveable, and can be tilted in any direction, but the second plate 2050 is generally fixed to provide stability to the system, the plates 2044, 2050 are made of glass or any other material (e.g., acrylic) that is in contact with the surface of the balloon 2038, or the ball with the inner surfaces of both plates 2044, 2050 having some transparent adhesive. When the first plate 2044 is pressed toward the second fixed plate 2050, the balloon surfaces in contact with the plates 2044, 2050 flatten from two sides and the adhesive material fixes the two plates 2044, 2050 to the flattened central surface of the balloon 2038 creating initially two parallel plates with a central flexible balloon or ball in between (e.g., refer to the side views in FIGS. 26E and 26H), while the balloon 2038 or the ball edges can freely expand outward laterally between the two plates (e.g., see FIGS. 26F and 26G). In general, the position of the second plate 2050 is made stable by connecting it to any structure located nearby, such as a handheld holder or a part of the VR goggles, etc. The first plate 2044 is only connected via adhesives to the balloon 2038, otherwise the edges are free to move up or down or tilt due to the flexibility of its attachment to the balloon 2038 or the elastic ball. The free edges of the superior plate 2044 may have a magnetic element (see FIG. 26C), such as iron or iron oxide, etc., that can be tilted toward the edges of the second plate 2050 that has 4-12 or more electromagnets that can be turned on or off to generate a magnetic field or force that can be also controlled by the electrical current running in their coils. When the electromagnets in the second plate 2050 are activated, they attract the magnetic material of the first plate 2044 closest to it, and thus tilt the first plate 2044 toward that direction. The two plates 2044, 2050 can, in general, be positioned in any desired way (e.g., they could be one before the other, side by side, or one above the other, up and down position, etc.). However, the first plate 2044 can move freely since its attachment is with a flexible balloon 2038.

In one embodiment, the first plate 2044 can be a diffractive lens, a Fresnel plate with a desired prismatic effect or a holographic optical element rendering other functions to the plate.

In one embodiment, one can replace the balloon 2038 with a spring 2060 (e.g., see FIG. 28A, showing a single spring 2060 positioned between two transparent plates 2062, 2064 with their electromagnets 2042 that can tilt the first plate 2062 toward the second plate 2064 at any direction). The spring 2060 can be multiple small spring coils located around a central circular area through which the light passes from the first plate 2062 to the second plate 2064. FIG. 28B depicts an alternative combination of a spring coil 2060 and balloon or ball 2066, in which the balloon or ball 2066 is located inside of the central spring 2060 acting as a combination of a tunable prism and tunable lens that provides similar flexibility in motion to the first plate 2062. The advantage of a balloon or ball 2066 is that it can have an index of refraction chosen to be similar to air, or a higher index of refraction to create the bending of the light that passes first through the air and the glass plate 2062, then the balloon 2066 and the second plate 2064. The most important part of this invention is that the position of the first plate 2062 relative to the second plate 2064 influences how light travels through the two plates 2062, 2064, and when the first plate 2062 is tilted, it acts like a prism for refracting the light. When the two plates 2062, 2064 are parallel, the light enters the first plate 2062 in a perpendicular manner or normal manner, i.e., the light does not change its direction. However, if the superior plate 2062 is tilted in one or the other direction in relation to the second plate 2064, it creates a condition as seen with a prism. In this situation, the first plate 2062 acts as a side of the prism diverting the light toward the base of the prism (not the apex). As a result, one can control the degree and the location of the tilt of the first plate 2062 electromagnetically, as having a universal tunable or fluidic prism that now can be used or activated precisely electronically by an ophthalmologist by creating a precise electrical field at any desired location or direction that one would like, so as to act like a prism with the desired prismatic power that can be precisely controlled via a software that regulates individual electromagnets located at the perimeter of the second plate 2064 (e.g., activating the electromagnets of the right part of the second plate 2064 tilts the superior plate 2062 precisely toward the second plate 2064 by a desired certain degree to the right depending on the magnetic force generated in that area (e.g., see the side views in FIGS. 26F and 26G) from one prism degree (PD) or tilt to 30 degree PD or more tilt, the system thus converts two simple transparent glass panes into a prism with precise control toward any direction creating a universal tunable prism.

In one embodiment, a simple spring coil can be controlled as the tunable prism, and the simple spring coil is simple to create.

In one embodiment, the liquid or tunable prism or is combined with a spring coil that provides stability to the system by returning the plate to the parallel position when the electromagnet is not activated. In this embodiment, the central balloon or ball 2066 is positioned inside the spring coil 2060. The spring coil 2060 can be made from a plastic material or metallic material, but a plastic spring coil 2060 can work as well as the metallic one (see FIG. 28B).

In another embodiment, a spring 2060 of any diameter and coil number, which can be made of a plastic or any other material (e.g., a combination of metals), can be placed and glued around the center of the two transparent plates 2062, 2064 having otherwise similar electromagnets and magnetic materials as described. In this embodiment, the plates 2062, 2064 are in a parallel position to each other when the magnets 2042 are not activated (see FIG. 28A).

In one embodiment, with reference to FIGS. 26H and 26J, a tunable prism has a flexible balloon or ball 2052, and a central circle 2048 is cut out in the transparent second plate 2050 so that the balloon or ball 2052 can bulge out through the opening 2048, thus creating a plus lens, or in this case, a combination of a tunable refractive lens and a tunable prism simultaneously for correcting the eyes prismatic deviation and the required power of the lens needed (e.g., during convergence and accommodation). In addition, by injecting or removing the fluid from the balloon 2052 via a controlled pump, one automatically can increase or decrease the power of this tunable fluidic lens. In the case where the tunable prism has a ball, the magnets are all equally activated to compress the front plate against the second plate, and to cause the bulging of a part of the ball through the central opening in the second plate. This unit can be used as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,409,278, which is hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth in its entirety herein, along with a Shack-Hartmann system for automatic control of the refractive power needed using a data processor with appropriate software loaded thereon. In general, the degree of accommodation needed for near work is between plus 1-5 dioptric power.

In one embodiment, one can collectively activate all electromagnets to compress the two plates toward each other, thereby enhancing the effect of the power of the lens/prism combination system (e.g., see FIG. 27B) so as to enhance the spherical or cylindrical power.

In one embodiment, where the opening in the lower plate is made oval or rectangular, one can create a combined tunable cylindrical lens and tunable prismatic plate, while the power of the lens is adjusted as needed using a pump system as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,409,278 in combination with a Shack-Hartmann sensor and the power of the ball is controlled electrically by activating the electromagnets.

In one embodiment, two combinations of prismatic and cylindrical lens can be positioned at 45 degree angle to each other (e.g., refer to U.S. Pat. No. 8,409,278), thus correcting the amount of plus lens and the cylinder is needed for perfect correction of one or the other eye, or both eyes.

In one embodiment, the lenses can be combined with a Shack-Hartmann system as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,409,278 with a pump connected to the balloon to correct tunable spherical and cylindrical and prismatic changes in one eye simultaneously. In this embodiment, a data processor with the appropriate software loaded thereon initially corrects the prismatic changes of the system, and then subsequently the spherical or cylindrical aberration of the eye.

In one embodiment, an additional spherical correction can be done where a fluidic lens as a minus lens is used independently (see U.S. Pat. No. 8,409,278) from the above system for myopic correction of the eye, but controlled by the same Shack-Hartmann pump and a software.

In one embodiment, one should eliminate the factors that predisposes or contributes to a person having side effects of using the virtual reality or augmented reality systems by performing a complete examination of visual functions, disparity of optical aberrations of one or both eyes, history of strabismus or micro-strabismus, history of nystagmus, ocular surgery, cornea, crystalline lens, retinal diseases, or genetic or acquired diseases affecting the eyes by addressing each independently and correcting for them, if possible.

In one embodiment, the patient might have strabismus, that is, one eye deviates from the other eye more than one prism diopter (e.g., one centimeter for a distance of 100 cm) when looking at an object, thus causing disparity of the images that is projected over the central retina (fovea) creating double vision. The misalignment is esotropia or inward convergent and exotropia, hypertropia, hypotropia, incyclotorsion or excyclotorsion, etc. The problem can be stimulated during accommodation, often seen in children around the age of 2 to 3 when looking at a near object or without accommodation, and their magnitude can be measured by a handheld Fresnel prism. Mechanical esotropia is caused by scar tissue or myopathy, etc. and requires surgical correction of the underlying disease process.

In one embodiment, the disparity of the images can be addressed by two independent mechanisms, which first include correcting the convergence deficiencies or pre-existing microtropia or macrotropia of the eye which stresses the eyes during the convergence. This problem should be addressed by a prior examination using an innovative auto-phoropter system to measure the aberration of the refractive power of the eye, and automatically correct the refractive power. In one embodiment, the phoropter is combined with an adjustable or tunable prism to correct refractive error and the eye deviation. These issues can be treated prior to the use of the VR or AR system, but some other issues, such as amblyopia, that have existed from childhood as a result of not using both eyes together, etc. may or may not be corrected depending at what age they have been discovered. The treatment of this condition is done by covering the good eye for a period of time to force the person to use the weaker eye until the visual acuity becomes normal or close to normal.

In one embodiment, the adjustable prism is prescribed, but slowly reduced when the eye muscle becomes stronger to eliminate potentially the need for a prism.

In one embodiment, the convergence deficiencies may be corrected by surgery of the eye muscles or by positioning appropriate prisms in front of the eyes to bring the images of the two eyes together. This can be done by presenting to the eyes two independent images having red or green letters or a number, or using a Maddox rod presenting the eyes with a colored astigmatic lens that separate the images of both eyes and shows how the two eyes cooperate to unify the image or how the two separate images seen by each eye cooperate and can then be corrected by specific prisms or a tunable prism directing the image toward the eye or unifying them.

In one embodiment, dyslexia might contribute to separation of images seen by each eye and can be diagnosed by having the patient read a reading chart so that the optometrist or ophthalmologist may diagnose the condition.

In one embodiment, one evaluates the existence of nystagmus diagnosed by presence of a visible oscillatory motion of the eye, which can be barely visible, but can be examined using appropriate testing to recognize it prior to the use of the VR or AR goggles, or can be treated by limiting the oscillation by positioning an appropriate prism on each of the eyeglasses that might help the nystagmus to a certain extent, or the electrical pulses to the ocular muscles is dampened by administration of a topical medication, or injecting Botox inside the muscles.

In one embodiment, the nystagmus can be brought under control by reducing external light using transitional lenses that leave the central 2-4 mm area free of pigment and darkening mostly the astray light coming from the sides that cause glare, headache, and the sensation of vomiting and aggravate the effect of the symptoms of seasickness.

In one embodiment, these aforementioned tests will eliminate patients having one or more ocular problems, and/or they will help manage their problems prior to use of the VR goggles.

In one embodiment, in a VR headset, one can automatically correct the prismatic changes by rotating the direction of the light (image) coming to each eye independently until they correspond to form a single stereoscopic image or incorporate an adjustable prism combined with the lens to divert the light appropriately to each eye.

In one embodiment, one can manipulate the degree of stereovision by creating a lesser stereoscopic effect to no stereovision in order to eliminate the side effect of motion sickness by creating more or less stereovision gradually to enable the user of the VR or AR headset to get used to the increased stereoscopic view by exercising and using the concept.

In one embodiment, since the side effect of the visualization using VR is dependent on the degree of stereoscopic vision (i.e., more or less stereoscopic), the angulation of the light entering the pupil can be adjusted gradually until the person feels comfortable looking through the glasses of the VR headset.

In one embodiment, lenses are provided, which can act as a pinhole, to provide the best focusing condition for the eye to see since the light rays are positioned directly on the fovea of the retina without any diffraction of them from the side of the optical element of the eye, cornea, and the lens. It also eliminates the need for accommodation that induces simultaneous convergence that exhausts the ocular muscles.

In one embodiment, the pinholes lenses are specifically designed to create a pinhole in presence of and degree of light.

In one embodiment, the nystagmus can be recognized using optokinetic nystagmus, rotating cylinder with black and white stripes creating symptoms of seasickness.

In one embodiment, the dizziness, etc. can be diagnosed by monitory head and eye movement continuously with a device called Continuous Ambulatory Vestibular Assessment (CAVA) device.

In one embodiment, since the visual confusion and position of the body can complement each other worsening the symptoms, various eye tracking following the eye movement and accelerometers can track the body or head motion and sensors checking the physiological changes of the body can be coordinated by a processor to reduce the fast position changes of the VR images so as to reduce the symptoms.

In one embodiment, this is achieved by seeing two images simultaneously in the path of each eye, one image provides a stable frame, such as two or more vertical bars with 1-2 horizontal bars in relationship to the observer's body so that the user of VR can focus on or practically ignore it, while observing the VR image independently and providing an anchor for the viewer that creates a sensation that he or she is looking through a transparent motionless frame at the VR, through the rectangular window provided for the eye. This sensation is not different than the fear of height. These persons usually freeze if they are on a high building or platform that is not providing a feeling of separation from the outside view of the “world” from the person's position such as it would be seeing through a transparent glass, fixed to a structure providing a security of separation from the outside world lying below him or hers, and in front of the person which is seen stereoscopically.

In one embodiment, one can create a barrier that works like a window shutter with a transparent glass that separates the outside world which is visible through the transparent or semi-transparent glass with or without the vertical or horizontal bars. In one embodiment, the user's problem with the virtual reality is treated by projecting the 3-D images on a heads-up screen, then projecting the images on a computer screen in front of the eyes, thus providing the sensation of being outside the scene rather than inside the scene, and eliminating the neuronal side effects or vertigo or seasickness where the patient is, or imagines to be inside the scene.

In one embodiment, by creating either a second separate transparent or semitransparent goggle cover or another two dimensional virtual glass located in an area in the front of the VR image that appears stable having some stable images on it whereas the VR is seen in 3-D beyond it, so that the person can focus on the first “transparent glass barrier” before seeing the 3-D VR, to get relief from the stereoscopic images that cause the visual confusion and mental discomfort. A double transparent platform with stable vertical and horizontal marking edges on the inside glass creating a static frame of reference between the two different, but connected spaces in the visual field. Thus separating the two spaces from each other, like entering one room first and then entering the second room (i.e., the virtual room).

In one embodiment, by creating either a second separate transparent or semitransparent goggle cover or another two dimensional virtual glass located in an area in the front of the VR image that appears stable having some stable images on it whereas the VR is seen in 3-D or as a hologram beyond it, so that the person can focus on the first “transparent glass barrier” before seeing the 3-D VR, to get relief from the stereoscopic images that cause the visual confusion and mental discomfort.

In one embodiment, the outside glass space has the VR images and the inside glass has only the limiting bars giving the impression of a separate space from the VR that separates the VR world from the real world (or space). The bars can be virtual so that their position or location can be changed depending on accelerometers, other sensors, or an eye tracking system located on the VR headset indicating the direction of the visual/head movement. These signals are transmitted to the frame or bars of the first space, changing the position of the virtual frame depending on the inclination or the head tilt, moving the image against the force of the gravity, to maintain a relative vertical and horizontal stability to the area in front of the VR space.

In one embodiment, the system described can additionally have stable frames projected in the path of vision eliminating the fear (of VR) similar to that of being on an elevated area, but being inside another transparent space which is separated from the stereoscopic VR images or hologram providing comfort of security for the viewer.

In one embodiment, one can also make the “supporting” image moveable from one direction to the other so that the image remains constant either in the vertical or horizontal level. This is achieved by having one or multiple accelerometers and sensors positioned around the goggles that indicate the position of tilt of or forward/backward motion, connected to a processor that adjusts automatically the position of the supporting image in a horizontal and vertical position, alleviating the visual sensation of rotation and tilt that comes with looking through the VR systems.

In one embodiment, depending on the tracking system or the sensors sensing tilt, etc., one can stimulate the neck muscles by electric pulses applied to the muscles in one or the other direction to loosen up the muscle spasm, loosening the fixed rigidity created during the motion sickness or blocking the vagus nerve stimulation by electrical pulses to depolarize the nerve or to depolarize the oculomotor nerve controlling the eye movement and ocular muscles that otherwise would result in stretching or traction of extra-ocular muscle.

In one embodiment, if the sensors, accelerometers, or other body sensors or wrist sensors indicate physiological changes of the patient, a processor can control the VR frequencies of pulses instead of providing 60-100 or more light pulses of the image per second, the presentation of the image can be reduce to 4-8 images per second by a processor automatically to relieve the person's symptoms until the side effects are subsided. This provides an automatic relief for the observer from the motion sickness by reducing the stereovision from 3-D to 2D images.

In the previous patents, it has been described how fluidic lenses seen through phoropter can produce an objective refraction when it is combined with a Shack-Hartmann sensor and the software to control the amount of the fluid in the lenses producing plus or minus lenses. For example, refer to U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,993,399, 8,409,278, 9,164,206, and 9,681,800, the disclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth in their entirety herein. When placed in front of an eye, human or animal, the phoropter can produce an objective refraction without the need for a subjective verbal or non-verbal communication to the doctors or technicians and the patients. The phoropter makes objective non-verbal the examination possible.

In one embodiment, the refractive errors of each eye of the newborns are examined separately using an objective fluidic hand held phoropter.

In one embodiment, similarly the refractive error of each eye of animals, such as dogs, cats, horses, etc., can be measured using a fluidic hand held objective phoropter.

A more permanent correction of the refractive errors requires a set of glasses that can either be easily adjusted or a hybrid system that at a minimum, corrects refractive errors for far and near for each eye. At present, these lenses are not used for humans or animals.

Similarly, there has not been a need to check the refractive error of an animal for the lack of the communications. However, there is no objective studies performed on refractive errors of the animals. Probably, the animals with severe refractive errors do not live the full life because of their visual deficiencies, and poor vision. This issue becomes more important for the domesticated pets, such as cats, dogs, horses, particularly racing horses, and other animals. Poor vision can also cause these animals to trip themselves, fall, or break their legs, etc. as it is the case with older humans.

Although, the fluidic phoropter can solve this problem, no attempt has been made to correct the refractive errors in animals and babies.

In one embodiment, the fluidic lenses can eliminate the barrier of expenses and provide a multifocal fluidic, or hybrid fluidic refractive glasses for the babies and the animals that can be used with the potential of being readjusted within six months as the eyes grow or as the need dictates. These lenses can be used also in virtual reality or augmented reality goggles, thereby eliminating the eye strains or headache seen in these users.

In a pending nonprovisional application, namely U.S. Nonprovisional patent application Ser. No. 17/134,393, the present inventor has described the application of modified refractive surgery technique for the human and the animals that are reversible without the need for removing the tissue from the eye as is done presently.

Refractive error of the eye constitutes one of most common visual problems affecting billions of the population worldwide. These refractive errors deprive the affected person not only from proper development of the vision (e.g., in children if not corrected but also contribute to loss of sight, the so-call amblyopia or lazy eye in which the ability to see from one eye can be permanently is lost if not corrected at young age).

Often the lack of access to an ophthalmologist or optometrist contributes to the loss of sight. However, often the lack of financial ability also contributes to loss of education and productivity of a person throughout his or her life.

In general, the majorities of the refractive errors are myopia (nearsightedness) where the eye is too long or the corneal curvature is too steep preventing the light to be focused on the retina but falls in front of it. This condition requires a minus or a concave lens for its correction to move the focal point of light backwards towards the retina. The hyperopia is a condition where the refractive power of the eye (crystalline lens and the cornea) is not enough and causes the light rays to be focused behind the retina. This condition can be corrected by the use of a convex or a plus lens or glasses to bring the focal point of the light rays forwards towards the retina. Presbyopia is an aging problem in which the normal crystalline lens loses its elasticity to focus on the near objects, such as reading a newspaper where a plus lens can treat the condition.

In general, a combination of a plus lens added to another corrected lens for the far can provide bifocality to the glasses that can be used when the patient looks through the upper part of the glasses seeing far objects and during the reading the person looks down through the second lens, usually in the lower part of the bifocal glasses and can read a newspaper. It is also possible to create triple focal lenses that provide sharp vision for three distinct distances from the eye (e.g., far correction using the upper part of glasses, near within a comfortable distance, e.g., for an orchestra conductor to read the music chart, i.e., about 3 feet, and near section for reading in a distance of 33 centimeters or a about a foot). This requires each glass section to be corrected each individually. In general, a three step procedure is performed to achieve a multifocal lens. The far distance is initially corrected by measuring the refractive error for spherical correction for distance by the fluidic lens by one adding various plus lenses that can provide a focal point to a distance of 10-30 centimeters, 30-60 centimeters, 1-3 meters, and 3-5 meters, depending on the need of a person's eyes (e.g., babies require to seeing very near objects and intermediate distances, while for animal, an intermediate distance and far are initially more desirable). However, either adding a plus lens or a diffractive lens can cover these intermediate distances, and adult humans would like to see far and near and all eyes can be blinded by excessive light or side light when working or playing under the sun or bright light, and are in need of blocking excessive light, such as by using transition lenses that have light absorbing pigment in the lens. The latter or a combination is very desirable for an albino patient who does not have much dark pigment to block the sun light. The three step procedure for the optical correction encompasses: (1) objective measurement of the refractive power using an automated hand held objective refractometer and phoropter, (2) assembling the system as described in this application, and (3) checking the accuracy of the desired dioptric power of the hybrid lens using the standard lensometer, and the refractive error of the desired power is corrected while the hybrid lens is under the lensometer to achieve the prescription power measured with a system including an objective phoropter, fluidic lenses, and a Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly. The process of changing the refractive power of the hybrid lens to achieve the refractive power of the fluidic lens for far is done by activating the step motor head or a hydraulic pump that are connected to the flexible membrane of the initial chamber that is, in turn, connected to the fluidic lens chamber via a conduit to the fluidic lens's chamber having a flexible membrane acting as a lens. The pushing or pulling of the step motor head is activated either electronically or mechanically that either pushes or pulls, forwards or backwards, the flexible wall of the initial small chamber. The amount of push/pull of the step motor can be electronically or mechanically controlled to change the dioptric power of the fluidic lens membrane as the refractive error is measured simultaneously under a lensometer and finally the interpupillary distance is measured/adjusted and the glasses are positioned with their frames and holder that can be an elastic band with a hook-and-loop fastener (e.g., Velcro®) behind the ear or behind the head and kept stable.

In one embodiment, binocular glasses are made out of two fluidic lenses or a combination of a two separate fluidic lens that build two different chambers, but share a solid transparent barrier in between them in which the amount of fluid in each chamber is increased or decreased to provide the upper part for the far vision and is fixed at that position and the lower “back” chamber provides only a plus or addition of +1-3.00 D. and is fixed to serve for the reading. However, the fluidic lenses can also be adjusted if the patient's eye changes its power as the eye grows (e.g., in children) and requires a different kind of power and can be adjusted by the patient (refer to FIGS. 29-32 ).

An illustrative embodiment of a corrective fluidic lens 2100 with a flexible membrane 2106 is depicted in FIGS. 29 and 30 . As shown in these figures, the flexible membrane 2106 is supported in an outer housing with a solid flat glass plate 2108 forming the back of the housing. The flexible membrane 2106 and the outer housing together define an internal fluid chamber 2110 for receiving a fluid therein (e.g., a laser fluid with a high index of refraction). A fluid reservoir 2104 is fluidly coupled to the fluid chamber 2110 of the fluidic lens 2100 so that the fluid may be injected into, or withdrawn from the fluid chamber 2110 by means of a fluid pump (e.g., the fluid pump 2102 in FIGS. 29 and 30 ). In FIG. 29 , the flexible membrane 2106 is disposed in a convex configuration for correction of farsightedness of an eye (hyperopia). In FIG. 30 , the flexible membrane 2106 is disposed in a concave configuration for correction of nearsightedness of an eye (i.e., myopia).

An illustrative embodiment of a presbyopia bifocal fluidic lens 2112 with two fluidic chambers 2122, 2126 for correcting both hyperopia and myopia is depicted in FIGS. 31 and 32 . As shown in these figures, the front flexible membrane 2118 is supported in an outer housing with a solid flat glass plate 2120 forming the back of the housing. The front flexible membrane 2118 and the outer housing together define an internal fluid chamber 2122 for receiving a fluid therein. A first fluid reservoir 2116 is fluidly coupled to the fluid chamber 2122 of the fluidic lens 2112 so that the fluid may be injected into, or withdrawn from the fluid chamber 2122 by means of a fluid pump (e.g., the fluid pump 2114 in FIGS. 31 and 32 ). As shown in these figures, the rear, smaller flexible membrane 2124 is supported in an outer housing with the solid flat glass plate 2120 forming the back of the housing. The rear, smaller flexible membrane 2124 and the outer housing together define an internal fluid chamber 2126 for receiving a fluid therein. A second fluid reservoir 2130 is fluidly coupled to the fluid chamber 2126 of the fluidic lens 2112 so that the fluid may be injected into, or withdrawn from the fluid chamber 2126 by means of a fluid pump (e.g., the fluid pump 2128 in FIGS. 31 and 32 ). In FIG. 31 , the flexible membranes 2118, 2124 of the presbyopic bifocal fluidic lens 2112 are both disposed in flat, relaxed states. In FIG. 32 the front flexible membrane 2118 of the presbyopic bifocal fluidic lens 2112 is disposed in a concave configuration for correction of myopia, and the rear flexible membrane 2124 is disposed in a convex configuration for correction of hyperopia.

In one embodiment, a fluidic lens serving the far vision is located in front of a plane of clear glass or acrylic plate and the second fluidic chamber forms a part of a chamber located on the lower part of the back surface of the first chamber and slightly inferior and the back part of the front chamber sharing, for example, the clear acrylic plate, methacrylates (e.g. (poly)methacrylates), (hydroxyethyl)methacrylate (HEMA), silicone, glass, etc. Polymers are known in the art and may be organic, inorganic, or organic and inorganic (see FIGS. 31 and 32 ).

In another alternative embodiment, the fluidic lens comprises a front chamber with a flexible membrane that can act as both a positive and negative lens, while the back side of the chamber is a standard diffractive lens in which a standard Fresnel lens with multiple zones of prisms are created that provide the standard plus zones that provide many diffractive fixed plus zone focal points (refer to FIGS. 33 and 34 ). These zones can serve only for presbyopia correction or near vision, while the fluidic lens is precisely corrected for the far vision (refer to FIGS. 33 and 34 ). These zones are not made of liquid crystal in which changes in refractive power is limited to +2-3.00 D and is controlled electronically via a switch.

An illustrative embodiment of a diffractive fluidic lens 2132 having a front fluidic lens chamber 2140 with a flexible membrane 2138 and a rear Fresnel diffractive lens 2142 with multiple zones of prisms to provide many fixed diffractive plus zone focal points is depicted in FIGS. 33 and 34 . As shown in FIG. 33 , the flexible membrane 2138 is supported in an outer housing with a Fresnel diffractive lens 2142 forming the back of the housing. The Fresnel diffractive lens 2142 has a central region 2144 (see FIGS. 33 and 34 ). The flexible membrane 2138 and the outer housing together define an internal fluid chamber 2140 for receiving a fluid therein (e.g., a laser fluid with a high index of refraction). A fluid reservoir 2136 is fluidly coupled to the fluid chamber 2140 of the fluidic lens 2132 so that the fluid may be injected into, or withdrawn from the fluid chamber 2140 by means of a fluid pump (e.g., the fluid pump 2134 in FIG. 33 ). A top view of the rear Fresnel diffractive lens 2142 of the diffractive fluidic lens 2132 is shown in FIG. 34 .

In one embodiment, a combination of a set of fluidic lens and a set of multifocal lens provide a new set of glasses for a person as young as a few months (or animals) or as old as 100 years or more.

In one embodiment, one can correct far vision for both eyes to create stereo-vision via a fluidic lens, while a diffractive lens provides for near and intermediate vision without the need to be activated electronically, etc. since these light rays are all in focus for different near distances.

In one embodiment, the fluidic lens can be replaced with a tunable lens, such as Optotune lenses, etc. that works electronically, but needs to be adjusted many times during the day by the patient to create multifocality. In contrast, the hybrid liquid lens and diffractive lens described above does not need to be adjusted each time for each given distance.

In one embodiment, the fluidic lens is corrected for the far for each patient depending on their refractive aberration and the diffractive lens provides automatically multifocal points of fixations for different distances from the eye for the objects located in the near field from 33 centimeters to 6 meters or more all the time. This modality specifically is useful for very young children or animals with limited accommodative power of their crystalline lens or in aphakia. Using these combinations, the objects located at different distances from the eye in the outside world are always in focus for the eye eliminating excessive accommodation that is needed, which is accompanied by excessive convergence needed for the near object.

In one embodiment, the diffractive Fresnel lens constitutes a flat surface with its Fresnel fixed zones that could be used for any person having 2 to 3 or more standard zones as needed.

In one embodiment, only the fluidic lens section is initially corrected for the far vision in each eye and does not require to be turned on or off electronically or adjusted daily, many times.

In one embodiment, the fluidic lens provides either a positive or negative lens for the eye while the diffractive lens provides zones of plus zones covering for a correction of near vision of 1 centimeter to 10 meters as desired for each eye independently depending on the zones of the Fresnel lens.

In one embodiment, there are only two Fresnel zones covering two distinct distances from the eye (e.g., 10 centimeters to 100 centimeters), while in another embodiment, the zone may cover a distance of 10 centimeters, 30 centimeters, or 500 centimeters or more depending on the patient's need, such as in young children or in adults.

In one embodiment, the combination of diffractive with fluidic section is specifically useful for AR (augmented reality) and VR (virtual reality) vision goggles eliminating the need for convergence and subsequent headache that are seen in a large number of the patients after use of these devices.

In one embodiment, means are provided for the fluidic lens chamber to be connected to a pump that can be activated mechanically or electronically to push the fluid inside the chamber or remove it to create a plus or minus lens from the surface of the flexible membrane covering the lens chamber providing lenses with +0.5 to >+20.00 Diopter power or −0.5 D to >−20.00 Diopter power.

In one embodiment, the fluidic lens can be used with an electrically tunable lens and a diffractive lens

In one embodiment, the glass plate behind the fluidic lens is made out of a transparent plate with diffractive zones.

In one embodiment of a hybrid lens, the tunable fluidic flexible membrane is changed to the desired optical power for the distance by injecting or withdrawing the fluid from its chamber and the astigmatic correction of the transparent acrylic plate, located at its back, is made to the desired axis and power using a femtosecond laser with pulses of 5 to 10 or more nano-Joules that changes the index of the refraction of the acrylic lens at the desired axis without damaging the lens.

In one embodiment, in the presence of microstrabismus (eye deviation) of the eye, the tunable fluidic lens is in the front part of the hybrid lens and is corrected for the far vision, whereas the lens transparent back plate can be made from a prism of 1-10 prism power that can be placed in any direction to correct microstrabismus that causes headache in patients suffering from microdeviation of one eye.

In one embodiment, the microstrabismus is in a horizontal position and the prismatic correction is made with the transparent back plate to correct horizontal eye deviation in order to facilitate stereovision.

In another embodiment, the microstrabismus is in a vertical position and the prismatic correction is made with the transparent back plate to correct vertical eye deviation in order to facilitate stereovision.

In one embodiment, the front fluidic lens is made to correct the refractive error for the distance while another fluidic lens bordering the back surface of the first (front) is made to be positioned in the lower half of the front lens to act as presbyopia correction (refer to FIGS. 31 and 32 ).

In one embodiment, the astigmatic correction is made for both eyes as needed with a femtosecond laser with low energy pulses of 5-10 or more nano-Joules at the desired axis to provide correction for astigmatic error of the eye to facilitate stereovision.

In one embodiment, a hybrid fluidic lens is in front and a transparent glass or acrylic plate is in the back (see FIG. 29 ), with a fluidic pump located on the upper part for injection of the fluid producing a convex or plus lens as needed.

In another embodiment, the fluid is removed by the pump system creating a concave or minus lens from the flexible membrane (see FIG. 30 ) with the desired dioptric power. The fluidic material is laser fluid, or mineral oil etc. with a high index of refraction.

In another embodiment, two chambers are used for the fluidic lenses, which are separated by a glass plate of acrylic transparent plate or another transparent molecule plate, such as polycarbonate etc. (see FIGS. 31 and 32 ). The front fluidic lens acts to correct the far distance vision by injecting the fluid in it to become a convex lens or plus lens of +0.1 D to +20.00 D, or removing the fluid to become a concave lens or minus lens of −0.1 to −1.00 D to −20.00 D spherical lens, while the back lens is used for creating a presbyopia lens of +1.00 to +3.00 D power.

In one embodiment of a hybrid lens, the posterior plate can be modified with a femtosecond laser to change the index of the refraction of the lens to make it an astigmatic lens of +0.1 to +3.00 D or more astigmatic in a desired axis.

In one embodiment, the posterior plate is made from a diffractive plate (see FIGS. 33 and 34 ) to create a multifocal fluidic hybrid lens. In this configuration, the fluidic front lens corrects the distance vision, while the back diffractive plate corrects for intermediate distances of 10 centimeters to 600 centimeters, etc. The Fresnel zones are tightly packed to achieve multifocality for the glasses.

In one embodiment of the hybrid lens, the only correction made is with the front fluidic lens to achieve the distant vision with a power of +0.1.00-20.00 D power in convex or concave lenses of −0.1.00, −20.00 D, while the diffractive back plate creates multifocal lens in the back of the fluidic front lens to provide focal points for objects located from the eye to a distance of 6 to 8 meters or more, thus these lenses need to be corrected by injecting fluid only in the front chamber or removing the fluid from it, about once every six months or more for the distant vision correction only, without changing the lenses.

In one embodiment, chambers of fluidic lenses are separated from outside by a glass plate, polycarbonate or an acrylic transparent plate, etc. The transparent plate can be mixed with a light sensitive pigment or the light sensitive pigment, such as photochromic molecules, oxazines, and naphthopyrans, can be sprayed over its surface or inside the plate that render the plate to act like transitional lenses (i.e., FIGS. 35A-35D). That is, the plate becomes dark when the light shines over it to reduce the glare, whereas the color changes and the plate becomes transparent in the dark.

FIG. 35A depicts a top view of an illustrative back plate 2156 of a fluidic chamber of a fluidic lens, where the back plate 2156 is in the form of a transitional lens with a pigment that changes color based upon the amount of light absorbed. FIG. 35B depicts a top view of another illustrative back plate 2158 of a fluidic chamber of a fluidic lens, where the back plate 2158 is in the form of a transitional lens 2160 in which the pigment does not cover a small central area 2162 of the plate, thereby creating a pinhole configuration in the plate when the plate is exposed to light. FIG. 35C depicts a top view of yet another illustrative back plate 2164 of a fluidic chamber of a fluidic lens, where the back plate 2164 is in the form of a diffractive lens 2166 in which the central area 2168 of the plate is not diffractive, thereby creating a pinhole configuration in the plate 2164. FIG. 35D depicts a top view of still another illustrative back plate 2170 of a fluidic chamber of a fluidic lens, where the back plate 2170 is in the form of a diffractive transitional lens 2172 in which the pigment does not cover a small non-diffractive central area 2174 of the plate 2170, thereby creating a pinhole configuration in the plate when the plate is exposed to light.

In one embodiment, the back side glass plate of acrylic transparent plate is sprayed or mixed with a pigment that changes its color temporarily after exposure to the light, thus building a fluidic transitional lens.

In one embodiment, the pigment known in the art does not darken the lens permanently, rather it is a photochromic molecule (i.e., a molecule that is activated by light) and, upon activation, darkens the plate, such as photochromic molecules that are activated by ultraviolet (UV) light are oxazines and naphthopyrans, or by visible light is silver chloride or activated with light in the UV and visible spectrum, such as silver chloride multiple different chromophores, not limited to, those that absorb UV light, or those that absorb visible light, or those that polarize light, and combinations of these.

In one embodiment, the back plate of the fluidic chamber is made out of a glass plate or transparent acrylic plate, etc. in which the back plate contains pigment or pigment is sprayed on it to change the color by absorbing the light and turning dark (see FIG. 35A).

In another embodiment, the back plate of the fluidic chamber is made out of a glass plate or transparent acrylic, polycarbonate plate, etc. in which the back plate contains pigment or pigment is sprayed on it to change the color by absorbing the light and turning dark. However, the transitional lens or the pigment covers only most of the peripheral part of the plate and lightens up slowly within a distance from the center of the plate or stops within 2 to 7 mm in the central area of the plate creating a pinhole configuration in the plate when exposed to the light (see FIG. 35B).

In one embodiment, the back plate of the fluidic chamber is made out of a diffractive lens with zones that are very closely packed with the focal point of the Fresnel zones are close to each other, and in one embodiment, the transitional diffractive lens pigmentation stops at a clear zone of a 2 to 7 mm circle (see FIGS. 35C and 35D), where the light remains mostly focused on the retina creating a variable pinhole effect depending on the intensity of the outside light.

In one embodiment of the hybrid lens, the diffractive back plate is mixed or its outer surface is sprayed with pigment selectively to build a pigmented doughnut shaped lens periphery where the central area of the lens builds a circle with a diameter of 2 to 7 mm or more free of the pigment, thus building a fluidic tunable lens in front and a transitional diffractive lens in the back (see FIG. 35D) with a central pinhole that stays clear all the time and having a pinhole effect on the vision (i.e., the light passing through this pinhole focuses always on the retina for objects located in the near or far in front of the eye).

In one embodiment, the above configuration permits the person to carry these lenses in the dark (i.e., at nighttime) and light (i.e., during the day) without being significantly blinded by the peripheral glare (e.g., from outside during the day, while being able to see at night).

In one embodiment, these lenses can be placed inside the VR or AR goggles to provide sharp images on the retina eliminating the glare and need for accommodation or convergence since the images are presented to each eye separately and are always in focus passing through the hybrid fluidic lenses with transitional ability.

In one embodiment, this new transitional hybrid lens with a central clear area forms a permanent pinhole that remains clear without the need to wait for the time to pass for the pigment to become clear after passing from outside through a relatively dark tunnel to be able to see and changeovers for the person to see outside a tunnel, since the pinhole area remains clear all the time, while the peripheral glare is eliminated by the transitional section of the diffractive lens (see FIG. 35D).

In one embodiment, the surface of the elastic fluidic lens membrane can be painted with the pigment to act similarly so as to act like a transitional lens if needed.

In one embodiment, the fluidic hybrid lens with its diffractive back surface can be used inside of any peripheral plastic holder with any “glass” configuration as circular, rectangular, oval, or elongated oval where the extreme sides can be bent backward to prevent side glare. In general, the central part of the glass can be circular with optics and its peripheral non-optical section can be clear or pigmented, etc. (see FIG. 36 ).

In one embodiment, the hybrid glasses are made with their side pump for babies, children, adults, or animals to a desired size that is comfortable for these subjects (see FIG. 36 ).

An illustrative embodiment of fluidic adjustable glasses 2146 disposed on a person 2154 is depicted in FIG. 36 . As shown in FIG. 36 , the fluidic adjustable glasses 2146 generally comprise a pair of fluidic lens (one for each eye of the person 2154), and a respective pump 2148 operatively coupled to each of the fluidic lens. The pumps 2148 are configured to insert an amount of fluid into the respective chambers of the fluidic lens, or remove an amount of the fluid from the chambers of the fluidic lens in order to change the shape of the fluidic lens in accordance with the amount of fluid therein. As shown in FIG. 36 , the fluidic glasses 2146 include temples (arms) 2152 and a telescopic bridge 2150 for accommodating varying face widths.

In one embodiment, the frames can be made out of any polymers (e.g. acrylic, polycarbonate, etc.), or an elastic band made (e.g., from strips of silicone with an appropriate color) that can be locked behind the eye, or a mixture of acrylic and elastic bands, etc. The bridge between the glasses are made telescopic, etc. permitting changes in the inter-pupillary distance for the babies, children, adults, and animals, etc. (see FIG. 36 ).

In another embodiment, with reference to FIGS. 37A and 37B, a hybrid fluidic lens is provided with one or more transparent plates. In FIG. 37A, a side view of the hybrid fluidic lens with the one or more transparent plates is illustrated. The thin back plate in FIG. 37A is a diffractive plate or a lens which has a hole in its center to permit the patient to see through it and see any object in focus. Because the back plate has a pinhole, every object viewed through a pin hole by the patient becomes in focus. In this embodiment, the edges of the pinhole are black so as to prevent light scattering from the edges of the hole. The diffractive plate (or lens) can have or not have transitional pigment that darkens by the absorption of light, specifically ultraviolet (UV) light. As shown in the top view of FIG. 37B, the rest of the back plate may be any diffractive plate with multi-zones providing focal points for any distance from far to near for the eye. Therefore, this hybrid lens acts as a multifocal lens while the distance power is corrected by the fluidic membrane (plus or minus) and the diffractive lens and the pinhole or transitional pinhole lens provide focus for any distance from the far to near for the human patient or an animal. The front plate of this lens in FIG. 37A also may be used to correct astigmatic aberration at any axis. In FIG. 38 , an additional version of the hybrid lens is depicted, wherein the back plate of lens can have additional plus lenses for presbyopia correction.

An illustrative embodiment of a diffractive fluidic lens 2176 having a front fluidic lens chamber 2178 with a flexible membrane and a rear Fresnel diffractive lens 2180 with multiple zones of prisms to provide many fixed diffractive plus zone focal points is depicted in FIGS. 37A and 37B. As shown in FIG. 37A, the flexible membrane is supported in an outer housing with a Fresnel diffractive lens 2180 forming the back of the housing. The Fresnel diffractive lens 2180 has a central pinhole aperture region 2182 (see FIGS. 37A and 37B) that may have a diameter between 1.2 and 4.0 millimeters. The flexible membrane and the outer housing together define an internal fluid chamber 2178 for receiving a fluid therein (e.g., a laser fluid with a high index of refraction). A fluid reservoir may be fluidly coupled to the fluid chamber 2178 of the fluidic lens 2176 so that the fluid may be injected into, or withdrawn from the fluid chamber 2178 by means of a fluid pump. A top view of the rear Fresnel diffractive lens 2180 of the diffractive fluidic lens 2176 is shown in FIG. 37B.

An illustrative embodiment of a presbyopic fluidic lens 2184 with a flexible membrane front lens and an additional rear solid lens 2188 of +1.00 D to +3.00 D is depicted in FIG. 38 . As shown in this figure, the flexible membrane of the fluidic front lens is supported in an outer housing with a solid flat glass plate forming the back of the housing. The flexible membrane and the outer housing together define an internal fluid chamber 2186 for receiving a fluid therein (e.g., a laser fluid with a high index of refraction). A fluid reservoir may be fluidly coupled to the fluid chamber 2186 of the presbyopic fluidic lens 2184 so that the fluid may be injected into, or withdrawn from the fluid chamber 2186 by means of a fluid pump.

In one embodiment (e.g., for animals), the frames can be made with leather to fit over the side and brow of the eyes, thereby preventing the peripheral light to cause glare for the animal or human, etc., while keeping the cornea moist to prevent it from drying out. The frame may be fabricated such that the inventive lens can easily be inserted into (i.e., “pop into”) and be removed from (“pop out”) the frame.

In one embodiment, these lenses are made for the albinism patients who are always bothered from the side glare form outside, since their irises do not have pigment to form a barrier for the light entering their eyes, or in patients who have lost part of their iris after trauma.

In one embodiment, the hybrid fluidic and diffractive lens can be an intraocular lens.

In one embodiment, since the image of the right eye and left eye for a given distance are in focus, the brain can convert them into stereovision without the need for too much convergence of the eyes that can cause headache.

In one embodiment, the hybrid lens is used for a microscope.

In one embodiment, the hybrid lens is used for an operating microscope.

In one embodiment, the hybrid lens is used for a camera.

In one embodiment, the hybrid lens is used for a light field camera.

In one embodiment, the hybrid lens is used for VR or AR goggles.

In one embodiment, the hybrid lens is used for the ordinary glasses for babies or adults.

In one embodiment, the hybrid lens is used for patients who have lost their crystalline lens after traumatic eye injuries.

In one embodiment, the hybrid lens is used for a telescopic system.

In one embodiment, the binocular deviation of the patient's eye is examined by asking the patient to look at a light source located at a near distance that requires both eyes to converge at a light source while they are photographed, where the light source creates a light reflex on the person's cornea which is photographed. If the eyes have no deviation, the light reflex is located at the central part of the corneas, whereas if one or the other eye deviates it indicates the presence of a phoria, such as esophoria or exophoria or vertical phoria or an oblique phoria. The degree of the light deviation can be measured by the distance that the light reflex is deviated from the center and the direction of deviation is recognized by the location of the light reflex seen on the cornea or adjacent structures (see e.g., FIGS. 39-47 ). The distance of the light reflex to the center of the cornea measured in millimeters (mm) is equal to the prismatic deviation where one millimeter (mm) is equal to 15 PD and 4 mm is equal to 60 PD.

For example, FIG. 39 is a front view of right and left eyes 2200, 2202 of a patient without any phoria condition. In the right eye 2200 of FIG. 39 , which includes the iris 2204 and pupil 2206, the light reflex 2208 is centered in the pupil 2206. Similarly, in the left eye 2202 of FIG. 39 , which includes the iris 2204 and pupil 2206, the light reflex 2210 is centered in the pupil 2206. In FIG. 40 , the light reflex 2208 is centered in the pupil of the right eye 2200, but the light reflex 2210′ of the left eye 2202′ has an off-center deviation of 1 mm. In FIG. 41 , the light reflex 2208 is centered in the pupil of the right eye 2200, but the light reflex 2210″ of the left eye 2202″ has an off-center deviation of 2 mm. In FIG. 42 , the light reflex 2208 is centered in the pupil of the right eye 2200, but the light reflex 2210″′ of the left eye 2202″′ has an off-center deviation of 3 mm. In FIG. 43 , the left eye 2212 has a hyperphoria condition where the light reflex 2214 is below the pupil of the eye 2212. In FIG. 44 , the left eye 2212′ has a hypophoria condition where the light reflex 2214′ is above the pupil of the eye 2212′. In FIG. 45 , the left eye 2212″ has an oblique hyperphoria condition where the light reflex 2214″ is below and to the side of the pupil of the eye 2212″. In FIG. 46 , the left eye 2212″′ has an exophoria condition where the light reflex 2214′″ is to one side of the pupil of the eye 2212′″. In FIG. 47 , the left eye 2212″″ has an oblique hypophoria condition where the light reflex 2214″″ is above and to one side of the pupil of the eye 2212″″.

In one embodiment, the patient's eye phorias are corrected with one or two tunable prism positions in front of the eye by artificial intelligence (AI) software that controls the degree of fluid that enters or exits from the tunable phoropter and also recorded is the degree of phoria and the amount of prism diopter (PD) required for its correction to see with both eyes at any distance from the eye for reading automatically via a software or intermediated distances prior to checking the vision and its refractive error (see e.g., FIGS. 49 and 50 ). As described above, the tunable prisms can be formed by deformable balloons with a tube for inflating or deflating the balloons. Alternatively, the balloons in the tunable prisms can be replaced with a transparent elastic polymeric material, such as silicone or other compressible or deformable elastic, transparent materials or polymers that permit any wavelength of light from UV to infrared and beyond to pass through it, as needed. When a transparent elastic polymeric material is used in the tunable prisms rather than the balloon, the tube is not required.

In FIGS. 48-50 , an illustrative embodiment of a tunable prism 2216 with a first movable transparent plate 2218 and a second stationary transparent plate 2220 is depicted. In the embodiment of FIGS. 48-50 , the first movable transparent plate 2218 is separated from the second stationary transparent plate 2220 by a transparent balloon 2222. The transparent balloon 2222 may be made of silicone or another transparent elastic polymer, and can be filled with a fluid (e.g., water or other transparent liquid) via a tube 2224 that can be connected to a pump. In the embodiment of FIGS. 48-50 , the plates 2218, 2220 are provided with selectively activatable electromagnets 2226. In FIG. 48 , the electromagnets 2226 are not activated, and the plates 2218, 2220 are disposed parallel to one another. In FIG. 49 , a pair of tunable prisms 2216′, 2216″ are in a first vision correction configuration, where the outer electromagnets 2226 on the tunable prisms 2216′, 2216″ are magnetically activated so as to create a base-in prism for correcting a phoria of the eyes 2228, 2230. In FIG. 50 , the pair of tunable prisms 2216′, 2216″ are in a second vision correction configuration, where the inner electromagnets 2226 on the tunable prisms 2216′, 2216″ are magnetically activated so as to create a base-out prism for correcting a phoria of the eyes 2228, 2230.

In FIG. 51 , an illustrative embodiment of a pair of vertically activated tunable prisms 2232′, 2232″ is depicted. Each vertically activated tunable prism 2232′, 2232″ has a first movable transparent plate 2234 and a second stationary transparent plate 2236. In the embodiment of FIG. 51 , the first movable transparent plate 2234 is separated from the second stationary transparent plate 2236 by a transparent balloon 2238. The transparent balloon 2238 may be made of silicone or another transparent elastic polymer, and can be filled with a fluid (e.g., water or other transparent liquid) via a tube 2240 that can be connected to a pump. In the embodiment of FIG. 51 , the plates 2234, 2236 are provided with selectively activatable electromagnets 2242. Each of the tunable prisms 2232′, 2232″ is magnetically activated in a different vision correction configuration.

In one embodiment, one can add the prismatic correction to the patient's glasses as a single prism or as Fresnel prism or this degree of prismatic deviation is either added to the glasses or lenses inside AR or VR goggles ahead of time.

In one embodiment, the wall of the pinhole in the lens used for the prismatic lenses is darkened to prevent light reflection of the pinhole that is a through hole.

In one embodiment, the pinhole is a mask with a hole in it that is placed in the center of the surface of the prismatic lenses to compensate for refractive errors, such as in near vision or reducing the astigmatic correction of the lens.

In one embodiment, the adjustable prisms can be used in combination with software for other applications in different industries, such as for cars, other vehicles, security systems, military applications, robotics, drones in any cameras, microscopy, machine vision, or directing the light to obtain a stereopsis image from a subject at any wavelength from infrared and beyond to ultraviolet, UVA, UVB, UVC radiation, etc.

In one embodiment, one can add the tunable prismatic correction to the patient glasses as a single prism or two prisms for both eyes and correct for any degree of prismatic deviation or any direction of deviation (see e.g., FIGS. 49 and 50 ) so that both eyes can converge and see stereoscopically for any given distance from the eye, and the correction can be done mechanically or electronically activated by software.

In one embodiment, one uses two tunable prisms, one for each eye to compensate for the complex variation of each eye's deviation independently to be able to focus two images by the activation of their magnets via software and to overlay the image, or with angular separation of each eye creating potentially a stereovision for a person, or for a camera, or one or two fluidic light field cameras positioned right and left of each other with a wide angle view as a security system having close to 360 degrees or less field of information providing perfect pixelated images that can be seen individually or collectively. The images can also be analyzed by software to access the degree of separation of various outside objects in their field in 2D or 3D format by oscillating the prisms without the need for rotating the camera itself.

In one embodiment, two cameras and their tunable prisms are positioned side by side and the tunable prisms are electronically activated with software to oscillate at desired direction(s), obtaining a perfect stereo image for >200 or more degrees field of view and analyzed by artificial intelligence (AI) software. This system has applications in medicine, diagnostics, industry, security systems, and the military (e.g., in drones, missiles, or planes).

In one embodiment, the camera is a hyperspectral or multispectral camera for the analysis of the images in a more detailed manner in ophthalmology, medicine dermatology, etc., having artificial intelligence (AI) software for disease diagnosis.

In one embodiment, software can control the motion of the prism very rapidly to scan not only an outside object but also its surrounding field of view, creating thereby two or three dimensional images as needed or providing various information about the position, characteristics, and direction of an object which can be useful for a patient, but also useful in security, surveillance, or in military operations, etc.

In one embodiment, multiple tunable prisms can work together, activating various areas of the prism via software to create the best possible stereovision for a person or patient or an object or landscape, etc. for a camera(s), which is useful for a stable or moving drone photographing and transmitting the information via the internet to a desired system(s) for instant analysis or image reformation in real-time.

In one embodiment, two cameras side by side with tunable prisms in front of them can easily focus on an object for machine vision or security systems with artificial intelligence (AI) software, creating stereo images of an object for precision robotic vision for recognition of an object, or e.g., human or a device for its recognition and control of the arm(s) of a robot or even precision robotic surgery by the AI software, or in industry along with a laser to build an object or do cosmetic surgery or for military applications with AI software or to be used alone, or in drones for precision flight recognition or aiming a laser, e.g., on a missile, or avoiding colliding with an object in its flight or use with a laser in precision military applications, or for a car to avoid collisions with its AI software, etc. or automatic inspection and process control in industry, e.g., pharmaceutical industry via AI software control, or in security systems with facial recognition software to recognize a person, etc.

In one embodiment, the tunable prisms can be used with a person's glasses, e.g., in children to correct an abnormal eye's deviation, such as in strabismus, esophoria, exophoria, hyperphoria, hypophoria, or oblique deviation of one or both eyes (see e.g., FIGS. 39-47 ) to assist in proper view to focus the eyes on a near object or on a far object where the AI software automatically controls the prism by increasing or decreasing the prism diopter (PD) or direction of the deviation where the electronics and batteries are positioned on the arms of the glasses.

In one embodiment, the rotation of the tunable prism can be made to coordinate with the motion of the eye toward a specific direction, etc. or be remotely controlled by the person carrying it or in robotic vision.

In one embodiment, the tunable prisms can be used in driverless cars, etc. The tunable prisms can also scan rapidly to control direction of motion of a car, train, plane, etc. and avoid collisions, or in military to induce a precision collision if needed.

In one embodiment of a tunable prism, the moveable plate can have if needed a Fresnel prism that enhances the effect of deviation towards a specific direction.

In one embodiment for correction of convergence, the tunable prisms can assist the eye to reduce the deviation of an eye gradually when the ocular muscles are getting stronger so that a person or a child can be weaned off the eye from carrying a prismatic correction gradually, e.g., in children, or the tunable prism can be used by a patient to strengthen by exercise a specific ocular muscle and move them repeatedly toward a certain direction.

In one embodiment, the tunable prism is used for a person, or for a digital camera, to work like a human eye which micro-oscillates 1-10 Hz or more back and forth to stimulate the retina at its focal point, the fovea, thereby creating a better stimulus for the brain or the digital camera to image sharply the structure of an object. Because the present digital cameras are not made to create an oscillation, the use of a tunable prism that can oscillate by electronic stimulation permits any degree of frequency of oscillation to provide sharp in-focus images to be analyzed by its artificial intelligence (AI) software and average it out for the best sharp image formed digitally with an oscillating prism of 1 Hz-20 KHz frequencies by simultaneous activation of both the tunable camera (refer to U.S. Pat. No. 10,606,066, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety) and tunable prism where the data obtained is far more pixelated, providing a better resolution than standard cameras, the oscillating tunable prism in combination with the tunable fluidic light field camera (in U.S. Pat. No. 10,606,066) produce a sharp focus for any stable or moving object located at any distance from the camera and analyzed fast with neuromorphic or subtraction software of a dynamic facial recognition (e.g., refer to U.S. Pat. No. 11,309,081, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety) that would have not been possible previously with a motionless camera. In the current system, the fluidic light field camera provides an in-focus focal point of any object in front of this digital camera and the oscillation of the tunable prism in front of the camera makes the image sharper by its artificial intelligence (AI) software providing rapidly an image with higher resolution.

In one embodiment, a flying drone, an airplane, or a satellite equipped with a combination of a motion detection system, an AI software, and an electronically-induced oscillating prism and fluidic light field camera can image and trace another moveable object, an animal, a human, a car, a train, a boat, a storm, a hurricane, a bullet, a missile, or an earthquake, the direction of motion, and the frequencies of its oscillation, such as waves of the ocean, the ground in an earthquake, or wind-induced motion on the ground, or the speed of the motion, the frequency of an object's motion, time, and direction that is taken and evaluated with AI software of dynamic facial recognition (see U.S. Pat. No. 11,309,081) or neuromorphic software and communicated to another system via the internet, thus creating not only 3-D images, but also a predictive value for a time-traveled object to reach another location or a predictive value for a disease process.

In one embodiment, the modified AR or VR with AI software, a tunable camera, and tunable prism (e.g., refer to U.S. Pat. No. 11,372,230, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety) are used for home diagnosis of an eye disease and bot-assisted artificial intelligence (AI) is used to ask questions and/or respond to the patient's questions to shorten the exam time by limiting the areas of interest for measuring and refinement of visual acuity and follow up of the eye diseases and recognition of the ocular pathology and their changes over a time period involving the cornea, lens, vitreous gel, retina and its vasculature, and optic nerve head, and communicating with the patient and the doctor, etc. In this embodiment, the bot-assisted AI asks questions or responds to the patient's questions to limit the potential of eye diseases involved, and thereby shorten the exam time of the patient.

In one embodiment, augmented intelligence AR or VR with a phoropter camera (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,016,860 and 9,191,568) are used for diagnosis of ocular diseases or as a home monitoring device in diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy or diabetic macular edema, age related macular degeneration, retinal vascular diseases, by using the collimated light that enters the eye through a prismatic lens in front of the eye to reach the retina where the reflected light from the retina, vitreous and lens and cornea passes through a dichroic mirror which diverts the light from the eye to a camera that records the images of the retina, vitreous, lens, cornea, and the images are analyzed with augmented intelligence or bot-assisted artificial intelligence (AI) software to rapidly diagnose a disease or its stage in a diseased cornea, lens, vitreous, or retina and optic nerve, then the analyzed images are transmitted via the internet to the patient and his or her ophthalmologist or optometrist along with the refractive errors corrected from the tunable lenses and corrected values obtained by the tunable prisms' software for bilateral vision.

In one embodiment, the fluidic camera or the phoropter (see U.S. Pat. No. 9,191,568) is equipped with dynamic facial recognition software and optical coherence tomography (OCT) and bot-assisted artificial intelligence (AI) software used for home monitoring by imaging where the cornea, lens, vitreous, and retinal images of the patient is scanned rapidly with the fluidic lens camera and its dynamic imaging AI software or a neuromorphic camera records rapidly the dynamic changes of a structure(s) and analyzes them with AI software and the information is immediately transmitted to a doctor to confirm the diagnosis of a disease, such as diabetic macular edema, degree of the sub-retinal fluid, or the existence or the progression of an age-related macular degeneration or a central vein occlusion, or branch vein or artery occlusion, or retinitis pigmentosa, or presence or absence of a tumor or optic nerve head edema, or changes due to glaucoma or the retina in diabetic retinopathy or change in the parapapillary micro-vasculatures, the retinal thickness, or cellular changes in the retina or choroid, etc.

In one embodiment, with reference to FIG. 52 , the fluidic phoropter camera (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,016,860 and 9,191,568) can automatically focus the beam on the patient's retina to photograph the retina, and the Shack Hartmann sensor of the unit can be connected to the basic unit or it can be connected to the unit via the internet, thereby making the unit portable and useable as a home monitoring system to follow a patient or evaluate a new patient for his or her refractive error or an ocular disease. As the illustration in FIG. 52 indicates, while the patient is observing a visual display, an infrared beam enters an activated rapidly oscillating tunable prism in front of the pupil, scanning the cornea, lens, retina and returns back passing through the fluidic lenses and is diverted via a prismatic beam splitter (PBS) and via a relay lens toward another prismatic beam splitter either toward a Shack-Hartmann sensor or a camera. Here the activated sensor's software can directly correct the fluidic lenses to correct the optical aberration of the eye or a sensor can send the signal through the cloud to another remotely located sensor that can activate fluidic lenses via the cloud and AI remotely in order to activate the pumps to modify the fluidic lenses' shape which corrects the refractive errors of the eye while seeing the visual display (e.g., with a fixation chart or an object). Similarly, the light that is diverted to the oscillating tunable prism and fluidic camera can directly transmit the scanned image information to the software of its digital camera or as above the in-focus of scanned images (signals) of the person's retina, lens, and cornea is sent to the cloud located elsewhere to be imaged and the AI software recognizes the patient if the patient has been photographed and the images of the scanned cornea, lens, and the retina, etc. are analyzed with bot-assisted AI software to recognize the patient, and a disease process and the diagnostic information/images are transmitted via the internet to the patient or his or her doctor.

In one embodiment, a visible light or a beam used for a multispectral or hyperspectral camera is sent to the eye through the same pathway after the refractive errors of the eye are corrected with fluidic lenses, so that the retina is in focus for photography of the cornea, lens, and retina to be analyzed with bot-assisted AI software.

In another embodiment, the system and camera described above has an optical coherence tomography unit (see U.S. Pat. No. 9,191,568) that produces a near-infrared beam that is used for the patient's ocular imaging where the camera can be attached to the unit equipped with bot-assisted AI software to analyze the curvature of the cornea, its transparency, and/or the density or cloudiness of the crystalline lens for the degree of the cataract formation or analyze the structures of the retina or the optic nerve with a very high resolution, since the optical aberrations of the eye have been corrected by the fluidic lenses initially.

In one embodiment, the system can provide the information of the optical aberration of the eye simultaneously with images of the cornea, lens, retina, etc. to be analyzed with bot-assisted AI software for the presence or absence of a disease process, such as retinitis pigmentosa, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, macular edema, etc.

In one embodiment, with reference to FIG. 53 , the light enters the eye and exits after passing through the fluidic lenses to a sensor that sends the information through the cloud to a Shack-Hartmann system and with bot-assisted AI software located elsewhere. After analyzing the information with AI, the signals are sent back via the cloud to the first unit located in the initial place with the unit to activate the pump of the fluidic lenses and correct the refractive error of a patient while he or she is looking at a visual display in the first location, then the tunable fluidic camera (U.S. Pat. No. 10,606,066) obtains images from the retina through its activated oscillating or scanning tunable prism and the images and diagnosis are transmitted via cloud computing to the patient's smartphone and his doctor as is done with any smartphone camera, thereby simplifying home monitoring the disease process of the cornea, lens, and the retina.

In another embodiment, FIG. 54 illustrates that because of the size, thickness, and weight (see U.S. Pat. No. 11,372,230) of the tunable prisms, fluidic lenses, and the imaging camera, the Shack-Hartmann sensors and a bot, the standard goggles or glasses are converted to a larger version that made the goggles too bulky and heavy to carry them on the nose, therefore the enlarged modified AR or VR system is placed in front of the eye on a small portable table or a small AR or VR kiosk model, or for use as home monitoring device where the unit is kept, the tunable prism, fluidic lenses, the bot, the camera and a small-sized computer or a chip, however the Shack-Hartman sensor with or without fluidic lenses and electronics and bot-assisted AI, AR, VR software and with dynamic facial recognition software (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 11,309,081) are reached with cloud computing with two-way communication back to the unit, where this binocular system evaluates simultaneously the stereovision, using an OCT for imaging the cornea, lens, vitreous, and retinal pathology in various ophthalmic and systemic diseases, including the function of oculomotor system affecting convergence and accommodation, etc.

In one embodiment, the system described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,191,568 is used with bot-assisted AI software to correct a refractive error of the person's eye with fluidic lenses and a Shack-Hartmann system and AI software of the tunable lenses to correct the refractive error of the eye for seeing an object or a video stream presented to the eye and the use of tunable prism software to correct the convergence or divergence deficiencies, etc. of the eyes, thereby creating in-focus virtual images of each eye analyzed with bot-assisted AI or virtual reality software (e.g., metaverse software) and presented to one or both eyes.

In one embodiment, a video stream can be obtained from in-focus images, analyzed using with bot-assisted AI software to produce an image of each cornea, lens, vitreous, or the retina and optic nerve to diagnose disease involving the ocular structures, such as the cornea, lens, vitreous, and retina and optic nerve head, while correcting the refractive error of the eyes for sharp in-focus vision, etc. This embodiment may further include analyzing the entire information with augmented intelligence (AI) software, which can be communicated to the patient's smartphone and to his or her ophthalmologist or optometrist, or general practitioner via the internet for the confirmation of presence or lack of a disease process. Also, dynamic facial recognition software, which confirms the patient's identity while presenting the changes in between the past and present images, may be used as part of this embodiment.

In one embodiment of the fluidic lens camera described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,191,568 alone or combined with the AR or VR and used with the with bot-assisted AI software to assist in providing the health information, and in diagnosing the ocular pathology or systemic diseases that affect the retina, such as hypertension, diabetes, Alzheimer's Disease, age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), genetic diseases affecting the retina, such as retinitis pigmentosa, Stargardt's syndrome, Best dystrophy, etc., inflammatory diseases of the retina, such as toxoplasmosis, viral or fungal retinitis, etc., existence of an ocular tumor, such as retinoblastoma or brain tumor causing the optic nerve swelling or glaucoma optic nerve cupping, retinopathy of prematurity, etc., a cataract, etc. or a corneal disease, such as keratoconus, corneal dystrophies, Fuchs dystrophy, etc. using AI software as medical information grows beyond one's capabilities of any human to know everything or remember them instantaneously to take care of a patient, remote bot-assisted AI analysis can contribute to the health in developing countries or places where there may not be a doctor since the system can be modulated where the information can be obtained in one place and the diagnosis is done in another place with AI software. In these cases, the obtained health information is printed out or sent via the internet to the patient's doctor or ophthalmologist or optometrist, internist, etc. to be validated without bias toward the patient's care.

In one embodiment, the virtual information obtained after the light exiting from the eye and sent to a camera, such as a light field camera, a morphometric camera, or MicroCalibir with long-wave-IR (LWIR) camera where the images are recorded and analyzed by the AI software of the camera, and the images are sent back to the physician or to the patient's corresponding eyes having AR or VR specific goggles software (see U.S. Pat. No. 11,372,230), permitting the patient or a person to see his or her virtual image of his or her own corneas, lenses, vitreous, or the retinas, etc., and to appreciate the normal structure or pathological structures of his or her own eye by looking at his or her virtual images, etc., these images can be compared later if the patient has been treated for a disease or using the subtraction software described in dynamic facial recognition software that analyzes the differences of images or motion-induced changes in <1 millisecond (see U.S. Pat. No. 11,309,081) and with neuromorphic cameras and AI software presenting the dynamic changes toward an improvement or worsening of the condition. Also, dynamic facial recognition software, which confirms the patient's identity while presenting the changes in between the past and present images, may be used as part of this embodiment.

In one embodiment, the camera or Shack-Hartmann or both systems can be located elsewhere away from the basic phoropter, communicating using two-way cloud computing with the tunable lenses, visual display/object, and tunable prism.

In one embodiment, all of the fluidic lenses and Shack-Hartmann system can be replaced with a light field camera or preferably a Peyman light field camera (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 10,606,066) with its software and algorithm with or without a bot and present fast in-focus images of an external object such as cornea, lens, vitreous, and retina at any point and differentiate the normal structure from the diseased structure with its computer and AI software and recall virtual 2-D or 3-D images at any point in the cornea, lens, vitreous, and retina.

In one embodiment, all of the fluidic lenses and Shack-Hartmann system can be replaced with a light field camera or preferably a Peyman light field camera (U.S. Pat. No. 10,606,066) with its software and algorithm with or without a bot and present fast in-focus images of an external object such as cornea, lens, vitreous, and retina at any point and differentiate the normal structure from diseased structure with its computer and AI software and recall virtual 2-D or 3-D images at any point in the cornea, lens, vitreous, and retina where the system is combined with a slightly larger modified AR or VR goggles for in home diagnostics communicating with a smartphone and/or computer to the patient or his or her doctor via the internet.

In one embodiment, the smartphone can be combined with a small Peyman light field camera replacing the presently available camera that produces only 2-D in-focused images, thereby producing 3-D images of any object in its field of view and when combined with dynamic facial recognition can recognize any object or moving object in its field.

In one embodiment, the light field camera or Peyman light field camera can be equipped with an infrared LED or laser for night vision photography in the dark providing sharp IR images of an object, human, animal, or potentially from structures inside the body's cavity, such as eye, cornea, lens, and retina, etc. that can be reached with an IR beam.

In one embodiment, the smartphone can be combined with a small Peyman light field camera with oscillating tunable prism (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 11,372,230) for light or IR wide angle imaging and scanning a wide field of view with its use for a security system, a military application, or in medicine, physical activity, etc. and the obtained images or video can be analyzed with AI software, transmitted via cloud computing to any desired place and/or can be encrypted prior to sending the information (images) out, this system also can be combined with a bot for recording sound or words information, etc., and may be combined with dynamic face recognition, etc. (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 11,309,081).

In one embodiment, a Peyman light field camera with an oscillating tunable prism acts as a device to create a wide angle view of images from the outside world in a 3-D manner.

In another embodiment, the oscillation prismatic lens can project the light in the eye of a person to divert the incoming light, to the peripheral field of the retina, thereby acting like a scanner and the light that returns from the eye can be collected in another camera via a dichroic mirror producing wide angle images from the retina, the lens, and the cornea on its way out that could be recorded on an external camera via a dichroic mirror.

In one embodiment, the oscillation prismatic lens of the camera is associated with a smartphone having a bot that can communicate with the patient before the pictures are taken and the communication is recorded and an AI system with or without AR or VR, can diagnose the characteristics of images and provide a diagnosis or the potential disease abnormalities at various stages or compare it with previous existing images of the patient and the data is communicated to the patient and cloud computing to the patient's doctor with or without recommended potential therapy.

In one embodiment, the oscillating prism's outer surface could have a convex or concave surface producing a smaller field or a larger field from the retina or a much wider field from the retina depending on its surface concavity or convexity, since the tunable prism oscillating back and forth and scans different areas of the field of view or, e.g., inside the eye's retina and simultaneously images, with no need for the lens to touch the cornea to provide a wide angle view of the retina or create a wide angle view from the OCT, multispectral, or hyperspectral images of the retina, lens, or cornea for analysis with the AI system of the retinal structures or the lens, e.g., in a patient with a cataract, and the cornea, such as in diagnosis of a keratoconus, etc., and communicate with the patient and his or her doctor via a bot via cloud computing. The bot simplified the computing by providing a history of the patients complaints, etc.

In one embodiment, the combination of the tunable prism with its central front circular opening creates a convex lens that focuses the light behind the pupil and spreads out, as a result, the returning light from the retina will have a view of >180 degree from the retina that can be captured by a digital camera, a light field camera, or a Peyman light field camera (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 10,606,066), and the image is recreated by the camera's sensors and sent to its computer software without the need for a fluidic lens system or Shack-Hartmann's sensor to bring the images in focus making the system lighter and the images can be transmitted electronically as with a smartphone to the cloud so as to be retrieved, and sent to a doctor or a patient as needed to provide a diagnosis using artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning software, etc.

In one embodiment, the transparent surfaces of the prism on which a balloon or a refillable transparent bag is mounted may have many different shapes that can affect the way light refracts from it (see FIGS. 55A-61 ).

In one embodiment, the amount of the fluid in the balloon can affect the shape or degree of the prismatic effect by separating the two plates that are connected with a joint (see e.g., the tunable prisms in FIGS. 60A, 60B, and 61 ).

In one embodiment, the prismatic plate is magnetically stimulated (see e.g., FIGS. 55A-59B).

In one embodiment, the surface of the transparent plate can be flat, convex, or concave affecting the direction of light passing through the plate (see e.g., FIGS. 55A-59B).

In FIGS. 55A-55C, an illustrative embodiment of a tunable prism 2300 with a first movable transparent plate 2302 and a second stationary transparent plate 2304 is depicted. In the embodiment of FIGS. 55A-55C, the first movable transparent plate 2302 is separated from the second stationary transparent plate 2304 by a transparent flexible polymeric ball 2306. The transparent flexible polymeric ball 2306 may be made of silicone or another transparent elastic polymer. In the embodiment of FIGS. 55A-55C, the plates 2302, 2304 are provided with selectively activatable electromagnets 2308. In FIG. 55A, the electromagnets 2308 are not activated, and the plates 2302, 2304 are disposed parallel to one another. In FIG. 55B, the electromagnets 2308 on a first side are activated such the plates 2302, 2304 of the tunable prism 2300′ are disposed in a first vision correction configuration. In FIG. 55C, the electromagnets 2308 on a second side are activated such the plates 2302, 2304 of the tunable prism 2300″ are disposed in a second vision correction configuration.

In FIGS. 56A-56C, an illustrative embodiment of a tunable prism 2310 with a first movable transparent convex plate 2312 and a second stationary transparent plate 2314 is depicted. In the embodiment of FIGS. 56A-56C, the first movable transparent convex plate 2312 is separated from the second stationary transparent plate 2314 by a transparent flexible polymeric ball 2316. The transparent flexible polymeric ball 2316 may be made of silicone or another transparent elastic polymer. The first movable transparent convex plate 2312 and the second stationary transparent plate 2314 may be made from a transparent glass or plastic material. In the embodiment of FIGS. 56A-56C, the plates 2312, 2314 are provided with selectively activatable electromagnets 2318. In FIG. 56A, the electromagnets 2318 are not activated, and the plates 2312, 2314 are disposed parallel to one another. In FIG. 56B, the electromagnets 2318 on a first side are activated such the plates 2312, 2314 of the tunable prism 2310′ are disposed in a first vision correction configuration. In FIG. 56C, the electromagnets 2318 on a second side are activated such the plates 2312, 2314 of the tunable prism 2310″ are disposed in a second vision correction configuration.

In FIGS. 57A-57D, an illustrative embodiment of a tunable prism 2320 with a first movable transparent concave plate 2322 and a second stationary transparent plate 2324 is depicted. In the embodiment of FIGS. 57A-57D, the first movable transparent concave plate 2322 is separated from the second stationary transparent plate 2324 by a transparent flexible polymeric ball 2326. The transparent flexible polymeric ball 2326 may be made of silicone or another transparent elastic polymer. The first movable transparent concave plate 2322 and the second stationary transparent plate 2324 may be made from a transparent glass or plastic material. In the embodiment of FIGS. 57A-57D, the plates 2322, 2324 are provided with selectively activatable electromagnets 2328. In FIG. 57A, the electromagnets 2328 are not activated, and the plates 2322, 2324 are disposed parallel to one another. In FIG. 57B, the electromagnets 2328 on a first side are activated such the plates 2322, 2324 of the tunable prism 2320′ are disposed in a first vision correction configuration. In FIG. 57C, the electromagnets 2328 on a second side are activated such the plates 2322, 2324 of the tunable prism 2320″ are disposed in a second vision correction configuration. In FIG. 57D, the electromagnets 2328 on both sides are activated such the plates 2322, 2324 of the tunable prism 2320′ are disposed in a third vision correction configuration where the transparent flexible polymeric ball 2326 is evenly compressed and the plates 2322, 2324 remain parallel to one another.

In one embodiment, the front surface of the transparent plate has an opening through which the balloon or ball can bulge out (see e.g., FIGS. 58A-58C).

In FIGS. 58A-58C, an illustrative embodiment of a tunable prism 2330 having a first movable transparent plate 2332 with a central opening and a second stationary transparent plate 2334 is depicted. In the embodiment of FIGS. 58A-58C, the first movable transparent plate 2332 is separated from the second stationary transparent plate 2334 by a transparent flexible polymeric ball 2336, and the first movable transparent plate 2332 has a central opening through which the ball 2336 can bulge out (see FIGS. 58A-58C). The transparent flexible polymeric ball 2336 may be made of silicone or another transparent elastic polymer. The first movable transparent plate 2332 and the second stationary transparent plate 2334 may be made from a transparent glass or plastic material. In the embodiment of FIGS. 58A-58C, the plates 2332, 2334 are provided with selectively activatable electromagnets 2338. In FIG. 58A, the electromagnets 2338 are not activated, and the plates 2332, 2334 are disposed parallel to one another. In FIG. 58B, the electromagnets 2338 on a first side are activated such the plates 2332, 2334 of the tunable prism 2330′ are disposed in a first vision correction configuration. In FIG. 58C, the electromagnets 2338 on a second side are activated such the plates 2332, 2334 of the tunable prism 2330″ are disposed in a second vision correction configuration.

In FIGS. 59A and 59B, an illustrative embodiment of a tunable prism 2340 having a first movable transparent plate 2342 with a diffractive upper surface and a second stationary transparent plate 2344 is depicted. In the embodiment of FIGS. 59A and 59B, the first movable transparent diffractive plate 2342 is separated from the second stationary transparent plate 2344 by a transparent flexible polymeric ball or balloon 2346. The transparent flexible polymeric ball or balloon 2346 may be made of silicone or another transparent elastic polymer. The first movable transparent diffractive plate 2342 and the second stationary transparent plate 2344 may be made from a transparent glass or plastic material. In the embodiment of FIGS. 59A and 59B, the plates 2342, 2344 are provided with selectively activatable electromagnets 2348. In FIG. 59A, the electromagnets 2348 are not activated, and the plates 2342, 2344 are disposed parallel to one another. In FIG. 59B, the electromagnets 2348 on one side are activated such the plates 2342, 2344 of the tunable prism 2340′ are disposed in a vision correction configuration.

In one embodiment, the front transparent plate is made from a prism that can be adjusted by increasing or decreasing the fluid in it, from zero to 20 prismatic diopter or more, by a pump controlled by the software of the system.

In one embodiment, the surface of the transparent plate has Fresnel or diffractive grooves influencing the direction of the light passing through it, the position of the plate can be moved by increasing or decreasing the fluid in the transparent bag located between the two plates, and the plates are joined by a hinge on one side of the plates to increase or decrease the prismatic effect (see e.g., FIGS. 60A, 60B, and 61 ) where the front transparent plate is a prism moving up or down by the pressure of the transparent fluidic bag via a pump controlled by the software.

In FIGS. 60A and 60B, an illustrative embodiment of a tunable prism 2350 with a first movable transparent plate 2352 and a second stationary transparent plate 2354 is depicted. In the embodiment of FIGS. 60A and 60B, the first movable transparent plate 2352 is separated from the second stationary transparent plate 2354 by a transparent balloon 2356. The transparent balloon 2356 may be made of silicone or another transparent elastic polymer, and can be filled with a fluid (e.g., water or other transparent liquid) via a tube 2357 that can be connected to a pump 2359. In the embodiment of FIGS. 60A and 60B, the plates 2352, 2354 are connected to one another by a joint or hinge 2358. The spacing between the plates 2352, 2354 is dependent upon the degree to which the balloon 2356 is inflated. In FIG. 60A, the tunable prism 2350 is in a first vision correction configuration, where the plates 2352, 2354 have a first spacing between them. In FIG. 60B, the tunable prism 2350′ is in a second vision correction configuration, where the plates 2352, 2354 have a second spacing between them that is larger than the first spacing of FIG. 60A (i.e., the balloon 2356 is more inflated in FIG. 60B than in FIG. 60A).

In one embodiment (e.g., refer to FIG. 61 ), the front plate is made from a Fresnel prism-like or diffractive grating, thereby influencing the direction of incoming light and its position is controlled by the transparent fluidic bag, the pump, and the units software.

In FIG. 61 , an illustrative embodiment of a tunable prism 2360 having a first movable transparent plate 2362 with a diffractive upper surface and a second stationary transparent plate 2364 is depicted. In the embodiment of FIG. 61 , the first movable transparent diffractive plate 2362 is separated from the second stationary transparent plate 2364 by a transparent balloon 2366. The transparent balloon 2366 may be made of silicone or another transparent elastic polymer, and can be filled with a fluid (e.g., water or other transparent liquid) via a tube 2367 that can be connected to a pump 2369. In the embodiment of FIG. 61 , the plates 2362, 2364 are connected to one another by a joint or hinge 2368. The spacing between the plates 2362, 2364 is dependent upon the degree to which the balloon 2366 is inflated. In FIG. 61 , the tunable prism 2360 is in a vision correction configuration, where the first movable transparent diffractive plate 2362 is diagonally oriented relative to the second stationary transparent plate 2364.

In one embodiment, the tunable lenses can be used for various purposes in medicine, a camera, a car, automated factories, remote-controlled drones, airplane, missiles, telescopes, security systems, or for use by children or adults with strabismus.

In one embodiment, the surface of the front plate of the tunable prism can be smooth, diffractive, or a finer meta optic with fine grooves.

In one embodiment, the fluidic ball or balloon provides the up and down motion of a front transparent prismatic plate that replaces a flat surface and is connected via a hinge to the back plate. The front plate moves by the pressure applied to it via the fluid-filled ball or balloon by a pump that can be activated one time only and stop, or thousands of times or more, for scanning an image or the field of view controlled by software while the pump injects fluid in the transparent ball or balloon and creates oscillations and changes in the direction of the field of view of an attached camera and/or corrects the ocular prismatic deviation.

In one embodiment, a tunable prism that includes a first transparent plate and a second transparent plate. The first transparent plate is separated from the second transparent plate by a transparent gel, or by a transparent bag filled with the transparent gel; and a tilt of at least one of the first and second transparent plates is configured to be modified so as to adjust a prism diopter of the tunable prism.

In one embodiment, the digital images obtained by the system, which includes the tunable prism and the light field camera or an OCT, can be recreated in 3D fashion using Metaverse's software and headset for the patient and his or her doctor so that they can viewed it in 3D format using a headset or goggles, a computer, or smart phone with AR or VR (e.g., by Amazon, Microsoft or Facebook) as a kiosk or moveable format for remote patient's evaluation and communication to image at the retina, lens, or cornea etc. from any direction etc.

In one embodiment, the images obtained by the system can be recreated in 3D fashion manner using Metaverse's software and a AR or VR headset combined with dynamic facial recognition for the patient and his or her doctor so that the image can be viewed in 3D format by both the doctor and the patient, assisting the doctors in presenting the pathology to the patient, or presenting the pathology in a different color to distinguish it from the normal structures of the patient.

In one embodiment, the images obtained by the system can be recreated in a 3D manner using Metaverse's software and a AR or VR headset combined with dynamic facial recognition and combined with retinal vessels or optic nerve vessels to add to the person's recognition to include for teaching or exclude other people to weed out intruders, hackers, etc. and to keep the patients privacy secret and inaccessible to others all the time.

In one embodiment, the phoropter is used for children where the size of the headset is for an IPD of 40-50 mm in children ages 1-5.

In one embodiment, the ocular part of the ocular of the instrument requires an IR camera for photography of the position of both eyes having strabismus or not to measure the inter-pupillary distance of a child (e.g., via a software).

In one embodiment, in children, the use of a phoropter or camera requires a change in the visual display from static to dynamic video and an attractive sound (e.g., cat or bird, etc.) and colored animation for the child above 1 year to get attracted to it.

In one embodiment, in the use of a phoropter or camera in children, the front part of ocular site should accommodate the head of a child and an adult, to position the child's head and align the eyes with mostly flat oculars for both eyes looking at the animation.

In one embodiment, in children ages 1-5 years, it is important to find if there are differences in refractive power between both eyes to prevent strabismus and amblyopia (gradual loss of the ability to see if left uncorrected) using the unit, and then provide the refractive errors of both eyes, images of the eyes and retina, etc. and prescription glasses, or tunable prisms to correct the refractive error, or in some cases, the child may be referred to the doctor for a strabismus surgery.

In one embodiment, the phoropter alone or in combination with a camera as described in the Applicant's tunable fluidic camera patent (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 10,606,066) so that the various components of the eye such as the cornea, lens, and the retina can be evaluated in 2-D or 3-D manner using attachment of optical coherent tomography or any other camera to the phoropter so that a beam of light passes initially through the phoropter and the optical aberration of the eye is corrected for uses as an optical home monitoring device for evaluation of a patient's eye after a surgery or medical treatment. At present, home monitoring and remote communication is acceptable in assessing various diseases, such as measuring one's temperature during an infection or measuring the blood pressure in hypertensive individuals, heart rhythm, in arrhythmia, or blood glucose in diabetics, etc. In ophthalmology, measuring the intraocular pressure (IOP) regularly is important because an increase of the IOP or its fluctuation stresses the retinal ganglion cells and their axons leading to loss of retinal cells, and gradual loss of visual field, thus eventually causing blindness. One of the hallmarks of the home monitoring devices is the simplicity of their use and the accuracy of the information they provide so that even an uneducated person understands it, and the patient can communicate the information if it is not normal to her or his health care professional. Often the information is in a form of a numerical value, indicating what is considered normal (e.g., the 37° C. degree body temperature or the 12-20 mm Hg range of the normal TOP, or the normal blood glucose range of below 100 mg/dL). In ophthalmology, ophthalmic home care devices, such as home tonometer are used by the patient or another trusted person to assess the TOP of a patient under treatment at home regularly. This enhances self-reliance of the patient to adhere to a certain regimen or taking the prescribed medication, and communicating the results to the professional remotely without the need to drive to the doctor's office. It also reduces the patient's concern about her or his disease after a doctor's visit or after a surgery, and allows the patient to observe an improvement or stabilization of the disease after treatment.

In one embodiment, an automated phoropter and refractometer is made in a single unit eliminating all the phoropter lenses, replacing them with three fluidic lenses, under the control of Shack-Hartmann sensor and associated software that modifies the refractive power of the lenses by injecting or removing fluid from the lenses automatically. The unit corrects the refractive aberration of the eyes (spherical and cylindrical) without changing or replacing the lenses within 10 seconds, it keeps the visual display in the view of the patient so that the patient observes actual improvement of the image without losing the image (i.e. the visual display does not disappear in this process of increasing or decreasing the refractive power of the fluidic lenses as is the case with the standard phoropters, once the patient looks at an illuminated target and the visual display inside the system through the goggles, the unit automatically with its LED, Shack-Hartmann sensor and its software, modifies the refractive power of the units' spherical and cylindrical fluidic lenses, for far and near using its fluidic pump, correcting the aberration of the eye to bring the visual display in focus for the patient's retina. The visual display used for children has animated images with sound to attract their attention, there is no need to ask the patient “one or two, which is better?” via a nurse or a doctor while changing the lenses in front of the eye of the patient which is the basis of the present phoropters with the subjective refraction.

In one embodiment, the unit produces a prescription that corresponds to the amount of correction needed for the patient to see 20/20 or 20/25 seeing, e.g., a Snellen chart or another equivalent image display, eliminate guessing by the patient for the correction of refractive power. Once corrected, if the patient does not have a 20/20-20/25 vision, it should be considered an abnormal visual acuity caused by a disease process affecting the cornea, the lens or the retina and shall require evaluation by a healthcare professional.

In one embodiment, the unit also can present a different visual display that does not require a understanding of the English language, such as using “E” letter or images of animals. Because the entire system does not require “back and forth” oral communication, the patients can either perform the test at home or, if needed, with the assistance of a trusted person and the results of the reading the lines of the chart from 20/0 to 20/400 and the refractive power with their prescription are communicated to the patient's ophthalmologist or optometrist remotely. Any variation of the results from the normal value or a previously obtained value by the ophthalmologist or optometrist is reported to the patient's doctor.

In one embodiment, the phoropter system not only simplifies the screening of a large segment of the population including elderly, school children, etc., but also similarly, a huge number of diabetic patients (30 million in the U.S. alone) that unfortunately can develop diabetic retinopathy or patients with age-related macular degeneration (20 million in the U.S.), etc. can develop changes in the retina or the choroid which can be detected by the camera or the OCT with AR/VR software, if their visual acuity has been affected, to be treated by intravitreal injection of medication, etc. and followed at home and their vision can be evaluated at home repeatedly with ease to be checked for stabilization, or improvement, or worsening of the condition after treatment using the Metaverse or AI and AR software that otherwise would require an office visit.

In one embodiment, the home monitoring phoropter, camera or OCT device simplifies the communication between the doctors and the patients, and may prevent loss of sight in patients that can be treated Like the other home monitoring devices, this device creates an insight into the visual system and its function of the cornea, lens and the retina, etc. making the patients in charge of their own vision.

In one embodiment, a home monitoring system is used for evaluating a refractive error and/or an ocular disease of a patient, wherein the home monitoring system includes a fluidic phoropter, a camera to photograph the retina, AR/VR software, and a Shack Hartmann sensor is used for evaluation the patients with a disease process before and after treatment in a daily or weekly or monthly fashion and the results of the visual acuity is communicated to the doctor through the internet.

In one embodiment, the modified AR or VR with AI software, a tunable camera, and tunable prism (e.g., refer to U.S. Pat. No. 11,372,230, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety) are used for home diagnosis of an eye disease and bot-assisted artificial intelligence (AI) is used to ask questions and/or respond to the patient's questions to shorten the exam time by limiting the areas of interest for measuring and refinement of visual acuity and follow up of the eye diseases and recognition of the ocular pathology and their changes over a time period involving the cornea, lens, vitreous gel, retina and its vasculature, and optic nerve head, and communicating with the patient and the doctor, etc.

In one embodiment, the bot-assisted AI asks questions or responds to the patient's questions to limit the potential of eye diseases involved, and thereby shorten the exam time of the patient.

In one embodiment, augmented intelligence AR or VR with a phoropter and a camera (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,016,860 and 9,191,568) are used for diagnosis of ocular diseases or as a home monitoring device in diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy or diabetic macular edema, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vascular diseases, by using the collimated light that enters the eye through a prismatic lens in front of the eye to reach the retina where the reflected light from the retina, vitreous and lens and cornea passes through a dichroic mirror which diverts the light from the eye to a camera that records the images of the retina, vitreous, lens, cornea, and the images are analyzed with augmented intelligence or bot-assisted artificial intelligence (AI) software to rapidly diagnose a disease or its stage in a diseased cornea, lens, vitreous, or retina and optic nerve, then the analyzed images are transmitted via the internet to the patient and his or her ophthalmologist or optometrist along with the refractive errors corrected from the tunable lenses and corrected values obtained by the tunable prisms' software for bilateral vision. In one embodiment, the fluidic camera or the phoropter (see U.S. Pat. No. 9,191,568) is equipped with dynamic facial recognition software and optical coherence tomography (OCT) and bot-assisted artificial intelligence (AI) software used for home monitoring by imaging where the cornea, lens, vitreous, and retinal images of the patient are scanned rapidly with the fluidic lens camera and its dynamic imaging and AI software or a neuromorphic camera records rapidly the dynamic changes of a structure(s) and analyzes them with AI software and the information is immediately transmitted to a doctor to confirm the diagnosis of a disease, such as diabetic macular edema, degree of the sub-retinal fluid, or the existence or the progression of an age-related macular degeneration or a central vein occlusion, or branch vein or artery occlusion, or retinitis pigmentosa, or presence or absence of a tumor or optic nerve head edema, or changes due to glaucoma or the retina in diabetic retinopathy or change in the parapapillary micro-vasculatures, the retinal thickness, or cellular changes in the retina or choroid, etc.

In one embodiment, with reference to FIG. 52 , the fluidic phoropter and a camera (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,016,860 and 9,191,568) can automatically focus the beam on the patient's retina to check the visual acuity and photograph the retina, and the Shack Hartmann sensor assembly 2270 of the unit 2244 can be connected to the basic unit or it can be connected to the unit via the internet, thereby making the unit portable and useable as a home monitoring system to follow a patient or evaluate a new patient for his or her refractive error or an ocular disease, as the illustration in FIG. 52 depicts, while the patient is observing a visual display, an infrared beam enters an activated rapidly oscillating tunable prism and dichroic mirror 2258 in front of the pupil of the eye 2260, scanning the cornea, lens, retina of the eye 2260, and returns back passing through the fluidic lenses 2256 and is diverted via a prismatic beam splitter (PBS) 2254 and via a relay lens 2252 toward another prismatic beam splitter 2250 either toward a Shack-Hartmann sensor 2248 or a camera 2246, here the activated sensor's software can directly correct the fluidic lenses 2256 to correct the optical aberration of the eye or a sensor can send the signal through the cloud to remotely located devices (e.g., prismatic beam splitter 2268 and Shack Hartmann sensor assembly 2270) or locally located device(s) inside the unit; a sensor can activate fluidic lenses 2256 via the cloud and AI remotely in order to activate the pumps to modify the fluidic lenses' shape which corrects the refractive errors of the eye while seeing the visual display (e.g., with a fixation chart or an object). In the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 52 , infrared beam may be generated by a light-emitting diode (LED) emitter 2266 and transmitted by means of a fiber 2264, and then the infrared beam may be diverted by a concave or elliptical mirror 2262 before entering the tunable prism and dichroic mirror 2258 of the unit 2244.

In one embodiment, similarly, the light that is diverted to the oscillating tunable prism and fluidic camera can directly transmit the scanned image information to the software of its digital camera or as above the in-focus of scanned images (signals) of the person's retina, lens, and cornea which can be sent to the cloud or elsewhere to be presented and the AI software recognizes the patient or the structure if the patient has been photographed and the images of the scanned cornea, lens, and the retina, etc. are analyzed with bot-assisted visual acuity measurement and AI software to recognize the changes in visual acuity or recognize the patient, and a disease process to extract the diagnostic information/images, such as improvement or worsening of a condition which are transmitted via the internet to the patient or his or her doctor.

In one embodiment, the home monitoring system can provide the information of the optical aberration of the eye simultaneously with images of the cornea, lens, retina, etc. to be analyzed with bot-assisted AI software for the presence or absence of a disease process, such as retinitis pigmentosa, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, macular edema, etc.

In one embodiment, with reference to the system 2272 of FIG. 53 , the light enters the eye 2274 and exits after passing through the fluidic lenses 2280 to a sensor 2286 that sends the information through the cloud to a Shack-Hartmann system 2288 and with bot-assisted AI software located elsewhere, after analyzing the information with AI, the signals are sent back via the cloud to the first unit located in the initial place with the unit to activate the pump of the fluidic lenses 2280 and correct the refractive error of a patient while he or she is looking at a visual display (e.g., fixation target 2282) in the first location, then the tunable fluidic camera (e.g., as described in the Applicant's U.S. Pat. No. 10,606,066) obtains images from the retina through its activated oscillating or scanning tunable prism, and the images and diagnosis are transmitted via cloud computing to the patient's smartphone and his doctor as is done with any smartphone camera, thereby simplifying home monitoring of the disease process of the cornea lens and the retina. Also, as shown in the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 53 , similar to that described above for the system 2244 of FIG. 52 , the system 2272 may further include a concave or elliptical mirror 2278 and a prismatic beam splitter (PBS) 2276 that transmit the light from the light source to the eye 2274 of the patient. In addition, as shown in the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 53 , similar to the system 2244 of FIG. 52 , the system 2272 may further include a relay lens 2284 between the prismatic beam splitter (PBS) 2282 and the sensor 2286.

In another embodiment, FIG. 54 shows that because of the size, thickness and weight (see U.S. Pat. No. 11,372,230) of the tunable prisms, fluidic lenses and the imaging camera, the Shack-Hartmann sensors, the phoropter, and a bot, the standard goggles glasses are converted to a larger version that made the goggles too bulky and heavy to carry them on the nose. Therefore, the enlarged, modified AR/VR system are placed in front of the eye on a small portable table or a small AR or VR kiosk model, or for use as home monitoring device where the unit is kept, with the tunable prism, fluidic lenses, the bot, the camera and a small sized computer or a chip. However, the Shack-Hartman sensor with or without fluidic lenses and electronics and bot-assisted AI, AR, VR software and with dynamic facial recognition software (e.g., as described in the Applicant's U.S. Pat. No. 11,309,081) are either positioned locally or reached with cloud computing with two-way communication back to the unit, where this binocular system evaluates simultaneously the visual acuity, stereovision, using an OCT for imaging the cornea, lens, vitreous, and retinal pathology in various ophthalmic and systemic diseases, including the function of oculomotor system affecting convergence and accommodation, etc.

In FIG. 54 , an illustrative embodiment of a pair of augmented reality (AR) or virtual reality (VR) goggles are diagrammatically depicted. In FIG. 54 , it can be seen that the AR or VR goggles include tunable prisms 2290, 2292, fluidic lenses 2294, 2296, and electronics that are connected via the cloud to a remote Shack Hartmann sensor with artificial intelligence (AI) software for binocular vision, imaging of the cornea, and/or diagnosis of a disease of eyes 2298, 2299 of a wearer of the AR or VR goggles.

In one embodiment, all fluidic lenses and the Shack-Hartmann system can be replaced with a light field camera or preferably a Peyman light field camera (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 10,606,066) with its software and algorithm with or without a bot and present fast in-focus images of an external object such as cornea, lens, vitreous, and retina at any point and differentiate the normal structure from the diseased structure with its computer and AI software and recall virtual 2-D or 3-D images at any point in the cornea, lens, vitreous, and retina.

In one embodiment, all fluidic lenses and the Shack-Hartmann system can be replaced with a light field camera or preferably Peyman light field camera (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 10,606,066) with its software and algorithm with or without a bot and present fast in-focus images of an external object, such as a cornea, lens, vitreous, and retina at any point and differentiate the normal structure from a diseased structure with its computer and AI software and recall virtual 2-D or 3-D images at any point in the cornea, lens, vitreous, and retina where the system is combined with a slightly larger modified AR/VR goggles for in-home diagnostics, or communicating with its smartphone computer to the patient or his or her doctor via internet.

In one embodiment, the smartphone can be combined with a small Peyman light field camera or optical coherence tomography (OCT) replacing the presently available camera that produce only 2-D in-focused images, thereby producing 3-D images of any object in its field of view and when combined with dynamic facial recognition, one can recognize any object or moving object in its field.

In one embodiment, the light field camera or Peyman light field camera can be equipped with an infrared LED or laser for night vision photography in the dark providing sharp infrared (IR) images of an object, human, or animal, or potentially from structures inside the body's cavity such as eye, cornea, lens and retina, etc., that can be reached with an IR beam with without a flexible fiberscope.

In one embodiment, the smartphone can be combined with a small Peyman light field camera (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 10,606,066) with an oscillating tunable prism for light or infrared (IR) wide angle imaging and scanning a wide field of view with its use for security systems and the military, or in medicine, physical activity, etc. and the obtained images or video can be analyzed with AI software, transmitted via cloud computing to any desired place, or can be encrypted prior to sending the information (e.g., images) out. This system also can be combined with a bot for recording, sound or words information or two-way communication etc. combined with or without dynamic face recognition, etc. (e.g., as described in the Applicant's U.S. Pat. No. 11,309,081).

Any of the features or attributes of the above-described embodiments and variations can be used in combination with any of the other features and attributes of the above described embodiments and variations as desired.

Although the invention has been shown and described with respect to a certain embodiment or embodiments, it is apparent that this invention can be embodied in many different forms and that many other modifications and variations are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention.

Moreover, while exemplary embodiments have been described herein, one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that the exemplary embodiments set forth above are merely illustrative in nature and should not be construed as to limit the claims in any manner. Rather, the scope of the invention is defined only by the appended claims and their equivalents, and not, by the preceding description. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A tunable prism, comprising: a first transparent plate; and a second transparent plate; wherein the first transparent plate is separated from the second transparent plate by a transparent balloon, a transparent ball, a transparent gel, or by a transparent bag filled with a transparent gel; and wherein a tilt of at least one of the first and second transparent plates is configured to be modified so as to adjust a prism diopter of the tunable prism.
 2. The tunable prism according to claim 1, wherein the first transparent plate has a magnetic material disposed on the peripheral edge thereof, and the second transparent plate has a series of activatable electromagnets disposed on the peripheral edge thereof; and wherein the tilt of the first transparent plate relative to the second transparent plate is modified by selectively activating the electromagnets on the periphery of the second transparent plate.
 3. The tunable prism according to claim 1, wherein the tunable prism is disposed in front of an eye of a patient, and the tunable prism is configured to correct a vision condition associated with the eye of the patient.
 4. The tunable prism according to claim 3, wherein the vision condition associated with the eye of the patient comprises a phoria condition, the phoria condition being selected from the group consisting of: (i) hyperphoria, (ii) hypophoria, (iii) oblique hyperphoria, (iv) exophoria, and (v) oblique hypophoria.
 5. The tunable prism according to claim 1, wherein the tunable prism comprises one or more tunable prisms, the one or more tunable prisms being disposed in front of one or more respective lenses of one or more cameras, and displacements of the one or more tunable prisms are controlled by an artificial intelligence algorithm for focusing the one or more cameras on an object so that stereoscopic images of the object are able to be captured by the one or more cameras for use in a security system, an industry application, a robotic application, a military application, and/or a pharmaceutical application.
 6. The tunable prism according to claim 1, further comprising a prismatic lens with a lens body that is formed from a substantially transparent material, the lens body including a central aperture with a darkened perimeter wall formed therein, the prismatic lens configured to provide presbyopia correction for a patient.
 7. The tunable prism according to claim 1, further comprising at least one pinpoint transitional lens for correcting a refractive power of an eye of a user for any distance, the at least one pinpoint transitional lens comprising a central region with a darkened edge having a diameter between 1 and 4 millimeters that is free of a light-activated chromophore, and a peripheral region surrounding the central region that contains the light-activated chromophore so that the peripheral region becomes darker when activated by light.
 8. The tunable prism according to claim 1, wherein the tunable prism is in a form of a vertically activated prism where at least one of the first transparent plate and the second transparent plate extends in a direction that is generally parallel to a direction of light passing through the tunable prism when the tunable prism is in an inactivated state in which the tilt is not modified.
 9. The tunable prism according to claim 1, further comprising a spring coil disposed between the first transparent plate and the second transparent plate.
 10. The tunable prism according to claim 9, wherein the first transparent plate has a magnetic material disposed on the peripheral edge thereof, and the second transparent plate has a series of activatable electromagnets disposed on the peripheral edge thereof; wherein the tilt of the first transparent plate relative to the second transparent plate is modified by selectively activating the electromagnets on the periphery of the second transparent plate; and wherein the spring coil is configured to return the first transparent plate to a parallel position relative to the second transparent plate when the electromagnets are not activated.
 11. The tunable prism according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second transparent plates has a shape selected from a group consisting of: (i) circular, (ii) rectangular, (iii) oval, and (iv) square; and the at least one of the first and second transparent plates has a surface geometry selected from a group consisting of: (i) a flat surface, (ii) a convex surface, (iii) a concave surface, and (iv) a diffractive surface.
 12. The tunable prism according to claim 1, wherein the first transparent plate is stationary and the second transparent plate is displaceable relative to the first transparent plate.
 13. The tunable prism according to claim 1, wherein the tunable prism has the transparent balloon disposed between the first and second transparent plates, the first transparent plate being in a form of a prism and the first transparent plate connected to the second transparent plate via a joint or a hinge, the transparent balloon having a chamber that receives a fluid therein and a fluid tube coupled to the chamber, and the transparent balloon lifting up the first transparent prismatic plate to enhance a prismatic effect.
 14. The tunable prism according to claim 1, wherein the tunable prism has the transparent ball disposed between the first and second transparent plates, the transparent ball being formed from a transparent elastic polymeric material that permits any wavelength of light from ultraviolet to infrared to pass through the transparent elastic polymeric material.
 15. The tunable prism according to claim 1, wherein the tunable prism is provided on a pair of glasses worn by a user, and the tunable prism is disposed in front of an eye of the user or in front of a lens of the glasses, the tunable prism configured to adjust a direction of view of the user so as to correct a convergence problem associated with the eye of the user.
 16. The tunable prism according to claim 1, wherein the tunable prism is not provided as part of a visual acuity testing device.
 17. A tunable prism system for performing object identification and/or facial recognition, the tunable prism system comprising: a digital camera having a lens, the digital camera configured to capture one or more images of an object and/or a face of a person; and an oscillating tunable prism disposed between the lens of the digital camera and the object and/or the face of the person, the oscillating tunable prism enabling the digital camera to rapidly scan the object and/or the face of the person so as to create a wide field of view, and displacements of the oscillating tunable prism being controlled by artificial intelligence software executed on a data processing device for focusing the digital camera on the object and/or the face of the person so that sharp stereoscopic images of the object and/or the face of the person are able to be captured by the digital camera; wherein the artificial intelligence software and/or facial recognition software executed on the data processing device is further configured to identify the object and/or the face of the person, and to transmit the one or more images of the object and/or the face of the person to a remote location via a cloud-computing environment.
 18. The tunable prism system according to claim 17, wherein the digital camera is a digital light field camera.
 19. The tunable prism system according to claim 17, wherein the digital camera is mounted on a first moving object, and the digital camera is configured to capture one or more three dimensional images of a second moving object; and wherein the artificial intelligence software and/or virtual reality software executed on the data processing device is configured to estimate time-related changes of motion of the second moving object and/or time-related changes of direction of the second moving object, and to transmit data regarding the time-related changes of motion and/or time-related changes of direction of the second moving object to a remote location via the cloud-computing environment.
 20. A fluidic phoropter system for rapid recognition and correction of one or more refractive errors of one or more eyes of a patient, the fluid phoropter system comprising: a vision target or chart for providing the patient with a focus target; a light source configured to emit light into the one or more eyes of the patient; at least one fluidic lens disposed between the one or more eyes of the patient and the vision target or chart, the at least one fluidic lens having a chamber that receives a fluid therein, the at least one fluidic lens configured to correct the refractive errors of the one or more eyes of the patient; a fluid control system operatively coupled to the at least one fluidic lens, the fluid control system configured to insert an amount of the fluid into the chamber of the at least one fluidic lens, or remove an amount of the fluid from the chamber of the at least one fluidic lens, in order to change the shape of the at least one fluidic lens in accordance with the amount of fluid therein; a Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly operatively coupled to the fluid control system; a digital camera configured to capture one or more images of one or more eye structures of the one or more eyes of the patient, the one or more eye structures being selected from a group consisting of a cornea, a lens, a vitreous, a retina, and combinations thereof; and a data processing device operatively coupled to the fluid control system and the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly, the data processing device being configured to control an operation of the fluid control system based upon one or more output signals from the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly to automatically correct the refractive errors of the one or more eyes of the patient so that the focus target on the vision target or chart is in focus for the patient; and the data processing device is further configured to execute bot-assisted artificial intelligence software so as to diagnose a disease process associated with the one or more eye structures of the one or more eyes of the patient, and to transmit diagnosis information via a cloud-computing environment to the patient, an ophthalmologist, optometrist, and/or a general practitioner for confirmation of the diagnosis.
 21. The fluidic phoropter system according to claim 20, further comprising at least one dichroic mirror disposed between the one or more eyes of the patient and the at least one fluidic lens.
 22. The fluidic phoropter system according to claim 20, wherein the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly, the digital camera, and the data processing device are located remotely from the remainder of the fluidic phoropter system; and the fluidic phoropter system further comprises a local sensor device that communicates with the remotely-located Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly, the digital camera, and the data processing device via the cloud computing environment.
 23. The fluidic phoropter system according to claim 22, further comprising at least one prismatic beam splitter disposed between the at least one fluidic lens and the local sensor device.
 24. The fluidic phoropter system according to claim 23, further comprising one or more relay lenses disposed between the at least one prismatic beam splitter and the local sensor device.
 25. The fluidic phoropter system according to claim 20, further comprising an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system that scans the cornea, the lens, the vitreous, and/or the retina of the one or more eyes of the patient, and records scanned information obtained from the one or more eyes of the patient so that the scanned information is able to be analyzed with the bot-assisted artificial intelligence software and/or virtual reality software to diagnose diabetic macular edema, a degree of sub-retinal fluid, or an existence and/or progression of a wet or dry form of age-related macular degeneration, a central vein occlusion, branch vein or artery occlusion, retinitis pigmentosa, presence or absence of a tumor, optic nerve head edema, changes due to glaucoma, retinal condition in diabetic retinopathy, changes in the parapapillary micro-vasculatures, retinal thickness, and/or cellular changes in the retina or choroid.
 26. The fluidic phoropter system according to claim 20, wherein the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly, the digital camera, and the data processing device are located remotely from the remainder of the fluidic phoropter system; wherein the light source of the fluidic phoropter system comprises a light emitting diode, a light beam emitted by the light emitting diode is automatically focused on the retina of the one or more eyes of the patient, and the digital camera photographs the retina; and wherein the Shack Hartmann sensor assembly, the digital camera, and the data processing device with the bot-assisted artificial intelligence software communicates with the remainder of the fluidic phoropter system via the cloud-computing environment, and the data processing device remotely controls the at least one fluidic lens, the digital camera obtains the retinal images via the cloud-computing environment by activating and deactivating the light emitting diode, and analyzes the retinal images with the bot-assisted artificial intelligence software on the data processing device, thereby making the basic unit of the fluidic phoropter system portable and useable as a home monitoring system for a follow-up of the patient or evaluation of a new patient for his or her refractive error and an ocular disease diagnosis, and/or recognizing the patient by his or her retina if the patient has been photographed along with the capturing of images of his or her cornea, lens, and/or the retina.
 27. The fluidic phoropter system according to claim 20, wherein the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly, the digital camera, and the data processing device are part of a small augmented reality (AR) or virtual reality (VR) system that is placed in front of an eye of the patient on a small portable table for use as a home monitoring device where the fluidic phoropter system evaluates simultaneously the visual acuity and uses optical coherence tomography (OCT) for imaging the cornea, lens, vitreous, and/or a retinal pathology in various ophthalmic and systemic diseases, and communicates the information remotely or through a bot as written or spoken words to the patient and his or her doctor.
 28. The fluidic phoropter system according to claim 20, wherein the light source emits a light beam for multispectral or hyperspectral imaging, and the light beam is sent to the one or more eyes of the patient through the same light pathway after the refractive errors of the one or more eyes are corrected with the at least one fluidic lens and the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly so that a retina of the one or more eyes is in focus for photography of the cornea, the lens, and the retina of the one or more eyes.
 29. A tunable prism system for vision correction of a user wearing a virtual reality or augmented reality headset, the tunable prism system comprising: a virtual reality or augmented reality headset configured to be worn by a user, the virtual reality or augmented reality headset configured to create an artificial environment and/or immersive environment for the user; at least one fluidic lens disposed between an eye of the user and a screen of the virtual reality or augmented reality headset, the at least one fluidic lens disposed inside the virtual reality or augmented reality headset, the at least one fluidic lens having a chamber that receives a fluid therein, the at least one fluidic lens configured to correct the refractive errors of the eye of the user; at least one tunable prism disposed between the eye of the user and the screen of the virtual reality or augmented reality headset, the at least one tunable prism disposed inside the virtual reality or augmented reality headset, and the at least one tunable prism configured to correct a convergence problem associated with the eye of the user; a fluid control system operatively coupled to the at least one fluidic lens, the fluid control system configured to insert an amount of the fluid into the chamber of the at least one fluidic lens, or remove an amount of the fluid from the chamber of the at least one fluidic lens, in order to change the shape of the at least one fluidic lens in accordance with the amount of fluid therein; a remotely-located Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly operatively coupled to the at least one tunable prism and the fluid control system via a cloud computing environment; and a remotely-located data processing device with artificial intelligence software operatively coupled to the fluid control system and the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly, the data processing device being configured to control an operation of the fluid control system based upon one or more output signals from the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly to automatically correct the refractive errors of the eye of the patient, the data processing device being further configured to control an operation of the at least one tunable prism to automatically correct eye convergence of the user as needed for binocular vision, and the data processing device being additionally configured to transmit eye-related information regarding the user via the cloud-computing environment to the user and/or his or her doctor.
 30. The tunable prism system according to claim 29, further comprising a light source disposed inside the virtual reality or augmented reality headset, the light source configured to emit light into the eye of the user; the tunable prism system further comprising a digital camera configured to capture one or more images of one or more eye structures of the eye of the user; and wherein the data processing device is further configured to execute bot-assisted artificial intelligence software so as to diagnose a disease process associated with the one or more eye structures of the eye of the patient, and to transmit diagnosis information, refractive power information, and/or prismatic deviation information of one or both eyes via the cloud-computing environment to the patient, an ophthalmologist, optometrist, and/or a general practitioner for confirmation of the diagnosis.
 31. The tunable prism system according to claim 29, wherein the fluid control system comprises one or more pumps and one or more fluid distribution lines, at least one of the one or more fluid distribution lines fluidly coupling the one or more pumps to the at least one fluidic lens and the at least one tunable prism so that the one or more pumps are capable of adjusting a refractive prismatic diopter of the at least one fluidic lens and the at least one tunable prism.
 32. The tunable prism system according to claim 31, wherein the data processing device is configured to control an operation of the pump of the fluid control system based upon the one or more output signals from the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly. 